BBIGHAII. 501 BBIGHT. cian in that State and at Hartford, Conn., where he became superintendent of the retreat for the insane in 1840. Two years later he aeeepted a similar post at the New York State Asylum in Utiea, N. Y. Dr. Brigham regarded infant schools and religious revivals as frequent in- ducers of insanity, and published his views in Influence of Mental Cultivation on the Health (18,32). and Influence of Beliqion Upon the Health and Phi/sical Welfare of Mankind (1835). He also established the Journal of Insanity, and published Diseases of the Brain (1836). BRIGHELLA. bregel'la (It., dim. of briga, strife. i|uarrel, lirawll. A rustic clown: one of the conventional types in old Italian comedy. BRIG^HOUSE. A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on the C'alder. about three miles east-southeast of Halifax (Map: England, E 3 ) . It is composed of the districts of Brig- house. Rastrick, and Hove Edge, which were in- corporated in 1893 as a borough. Its water is supplied by the corporation of Halifax. The town owns gas and electric-light plants, markets, and cemeteries. Its industries consist of the manufacture of woolen, cotton, and silk fabrics. There are also machine-works and stone-quar- ries. Population, in 1891, 20,666: in 1901, 21,73.5. Consult Turner. History of Brighouse (Bingley. 1893). BRIGHT, Sir Charles Tilston (1832-88). An English engineer, bom at Wanstead. In 18.52 he became connected, in the service of the Magnetic Company, with the laying of under- ground systems of land telegraphy. He took out patents on telegraphic apparatus, and in 1856 was appointed engineer-in-chief to the At- lantic Cable Company. After two failures, he at length succeeded, on August 5, 1858, in laying the 20.50 miles of cable connecting Ireland and Newfoundland. He was thus the first to estab- lish comnnmication by telegraph between Amer- ica and Europe. Subsequently he was employed in the laying of cables in the Mediterranean Sea, in the Persian Gulf, and among the West Indies. From 1865 to 1868 he represented Greenwich in Parliament as a Liberal, and in 1886-87 was president of the Institute of Electrical Engi- neers. With Latimer Clark he invented a method for the application of a composition of asphalt as a coating for the exterior of submarine cables. BRIGHT, .TAME.S Fr.xck (1832—). An English scholar, educator, and author. Hewasbom at Saint James's. Westmiuster. graduated in 1855 at L'niversity College, Oxford, and from 1856 to 1872 was an assistant master at Marlborough College, of whose modern department he was the head. In 1872 he became tutor and lecturer in modem history and divinity at Balliol. and lecturer in modem history at University College. Of the latter, he was in 1874 appointed dean, and in 1881 master. He has repeatedly been examiner in history at the university. He has published a text-book, History of England from !,!,9 to IRHO (4 vols., 1880-88). and Lives of Joseph II. and Maria Theresa, both in 1897. BRIGHT, .Tes.se D. (1812-75). An Ameri- can politician. He was bom in Norwich, N. Y., but removed with his parents to Indiana in 1820: ■was admitted to the bar in 1831. and was suc- cessively a member of the State Legislature, Lieutenant-Governor of the State, and I'nited States Marshal. In 1845 he was elected to the United States Senate, and thereafter, on several occasions, was chosen as its president pro tern. He was an enthusiastic Democrat, and in all sectional disputes consistently voted with the South against the Nortli. In" 1862 the R«i)ubli- cans brought against him a charge of disloyalty, which was based largely on his having written to 'His Excellency .Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederation of States,' a letter introducing a friend who had an 'improvement in firearms' to dispose of; and though the .Judiciary Committee decided that such evidence as had been adduced was insuHicient for conviction, nevertheless he was expelled from the Senate by a vote of 38 to 14. He subsequently went to Kentucky, where he was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1874 he removed to Baltimore, Md. BRIGHT, Jonx (1811-89). An English statesman and orator. He was the son of Jacob Bright, a Quaker cotton spinner and manufac- turer at Rochdale, Lancashire, and was bom at Greenbank, near that town, November 16, 1811. Young Bright's education was of a fitful and elementary character, and the magnificent at- tainments which he displayed in later life must be ascribed entirely to native talent and to in- defatigable industry. At the age of fifteen he entered his father's business, but devoted himself at the same time to the study of public oratorj-, which seems to have attracted him at a very early period. In 1835 he made a foreign tour, which included a journey to Palestine. On his return he delivered a number of lectures on the subject of his travels and on topics connected with commerce and political economy before the Literary Society of Rochdale, of which he was one of the founders. His attention was first drawn to the subject of the Corn Laws, with which he was to be so prominently identi- fied, by an attack on the evils of the factoi-v system — in answering which. Bright pointed out that the lamentable condition of the Lan- cashire mill-operatives was due in very great measure to the iniquitous Corn Laws, which made food so dear in times of scarcity. In 1839 he was one of the founders of the first Anti-Corn Law Association at Manchester, at which time he made the acquaintance of Richard Cobden. with whom he lived in close friendship till the latter's death. Bright, however, did not actively enter into the Anti-Corn Law agitation imtil 1841 : but from that time until the repeal of the laws in 1846, he and Cobden were the most prominent leaders of the movement: and Bright continued, by the side of Cobden, to be one of the chief pillars of the general system of free trade, which obtained such complete as- cendency in England. Bright's power con- sisted in his talent for forceful presentation, which made him an excellent popular exponent of the principles formulated by finer thinkers, like Cobden. In 1843 Bright" was elected to Parliament from Durham, and four years later from the factory town of Manchester, for by this time he had come to be regarded as one of the leaders of English workingmen. After 1857 he sat for Birmingham. In Parliament. Bright, though initiating no important measures of legis- lation liimwelf. exercised a very powerful influence on the most important features of Imperial pol- icy. He showed himself an ardent champion of the rights of the people of India: in their defense he antagonized the East India Company, and he
