BKOOKE. 542 BROOKE. Portsmouth, Ohio; Saint James, Piqua, Ohio; Grace Church, Sandusky, Ohio; Saint Peter's, Saint Louis, Mo. ( 1S8G-88) ; and Trinity, Atchi- son. Kan. (1888-93). BROOKE, Henry (c.1703-83). An Irish author. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and the Temple, Limdon, met Swift and Pope, and in 17.3.5 published a poem entitlod Unii'ersal Beuiitji, in the manner of Pope, by whom it was probably revised. An adherent of Frederick, Prince of Wales, he wrote, it is to be supposed, at the instance of his political friends, the trage- dy (lustaiiis Vasa (1739), in which he sought to satirize Sir Robert Walpole in the person of Trollis, vicegerent to King Christiern. and which, prohibited from presentation in London, was later successfully given in Dublin as The Patriot. His ICorl of Essex ( 1749: performed in Dublin in 1749, later in London) contained the lines: "For righteous monarchy, Justly to judge, with their own eyes should see: Who rale o'er Ireemen should thentselves be free," parodied by Dr. Johnson with,
- 'Who drives fat oxen should himself be fat."
In 174.5 he was appointed by Lord Chesterfield to the post of barrack-master. He is probably best kno'n to later readers by liis hovel The Fool of QuaUty (5 vols., 1766-70), abridged (1780) bj' .Tohn Wesley, who thought highly of it, and republished by Charles Kingsley (2 vols., 1859). He also translated (1738) three books of Tasso's Gerusatemme Uberata. This version, praised bv John Hoole. who rendered (2 vols., 1763; 8th ed., 1819) the entire epic, together with original poems, may be found in Chalmers, yorks of the English Poets, Vol. XVII. (London. 1810). BROOKE, Sir James (1803-68). A Rajah of Sarawak, born at Coombe Grove, near Bath, England. His father was an employee of the Indian Government. James entered the East India military service, was severely wounded in the Burmese War, and furloughed in 1S2(!. He lost his commission through overstaying his fur- lough (on account of shipwreck), but coming into a large property by his father's death, he determined to devote himself to the task of putting down piracy in the Eastern seas and to gstiiblishing civilization in the islands. He was one of the practical Nineteenth-Century knights- errant in spirit. He ))urchased a yacht, trained a crew of twentj- men on a |)reliminary cruise of three years in the Mediterranean, and in October, 1838, sailed from London for Borneo. When he arrived, lluda Hassim, the uncle of the Sultan of Borneo, was engaged in a war with some rebel tribes of Sarawak. Brooke lent his assistance and in return received the title of Rajah of Sara- wak. Brooke instituted free trade, and framed a new code of laws. The cistom of head-hunting was made a crime punishable with death ; and piracy was so vigorously attacked with the as- sistance of British vessels that over £20.000 was paid in bounties for the killing of freebooters. Returning to England in 1847, Brooke was cor- dially received, made a Knight Commander of the Bath and an Oxford P.C.L., and appointed governor of the island of Labuan. near Sarawak, and consul-general to Borneo. In 1857. owing to charges in Parliament reflecting upon his integ- rity, which were, however, declared not ])roven by the commission that examined them, Brooke was superseded in the g:overnorship of Labuan. His house in Kuching, his Sarawak capital, was attacked at night by a large body of Chinese, who were irritated at his efforts to prevent opium- smuggling, and he escaped with his life by swim- ming across a creek. He promptly asseml)led some natives, attacked the Chinese, defeated them in several lights, and drove them into the jungle. Ipward of 2000 Chinese were killed. Keturning to England soon after this, Brooke lec- tured in several of the chief towns on the advan- tage of the possession of Sarawak. Brooke re- turned to Borneo in 1861, but visited England again twice before his death, .lune 11, 1868. He was succeeded as Rajah of Sarawak by his nephew. Sir Charles Johnson Brooke, born June 3, 1829. (See Borneo.) Consult: Jacob, The llajah of Sarawak (London. 1876) ; Sir S. .Saint John. Rajah ISrooke (London, 1899) ; and Life of tiir Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak (Lon- don, 1879). The private letters of Sir James Brooke ( 1838-53) were published in London, 1853. BROOKE, John Mebcer (1826—). An American physicist; born at Tampa, Fla. He was educated at Kenyon College (Garabier, Ohio), graduated in 1847 at the United States Naval Academy, and in 1851-53 was stationed at the Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. Sub- sequently he accompanied, as director of the astronomical department, the VincenneS expedi- tion for the exploration and surveying of the North Pacific Ocean. In 1861 he resigned from the United States Navy, and was appointed chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hj-drograpliy in the (iovornment of the Confederate States. He invented the Brooke gun, and devised the plans followed in refitting the ilerrimac ( Virginia) for the contests at Hampton Roads. From 1866 to 1899 he was professor of physics at the Virginia Military Institute ( I^exington ) . He has received the gold medal of science of the Academy of Ber- lin, and contributed articles on ordnance and other subjects to technical magazines. BROOKE, John Rutter (1838—). An -Xmerican soldier. He was born in Pottsville. Pa., and in 1861 entered the Union service as a captain of volunteers. He soon rose to the rank of colonel, and at the close of tlie war was com- missioned l)riga(licr-general of volunteers for ser- vices during tlie battles of the Wilderness. He resigned from the volunteer service in 1866, be- came lieutenant-colonel in the regular army in the same year, and in 1S79 was commissioned col- onel. He was commandant at Fort Shaw, Mont., from 1879 to 1888, when he was appointed briga- dier-general, and from 1888 to 1800 commanded fhe Department of Dakota, with headquarters in Saint Paul, Minn. In 1898 he was appointed major-general. In the same year, during the Spanish-. icrican War, he was sent to Porto Rico, where he served on the commission to arrange for its evacuation by the Spanish troops, and in October was appointed Military Governor and commanding general of the department. From December, 1898, until December, 1899, he served as ]Iilitary Governor of Cuba, and com- manding general of the Division of Cuba, and in .pril. 1900, was assigned to the command of the Department of the East, with headquarters at Governor's Island, New York City. BROOKE, SrorFOHi) .Aior.sri-.s (1832 — ). An Engli^li clergyman and author, born at Letter-
