BROWNLOW. 570 BROWNSVILLE. BROWNLOW, ilR. The benevolent protector of Olivor Twist in Diokens's novel of that name. He first meets hi^; future charge at a bookstall, where Oliver's companions pick his pockets. He is left at the conclusion of the tale 'liUing the mind of his adopted son, from day to day, with stores of kiiovledi.'c.' BROWN'RIGG PAPERS. The title of a series of sketches l>y Douglas Jerrold (IStiO). BROWN-SEQXJARD, ■sii'kar', Charles Ed- oUARn (1818-04). A French-American neurolo- gist and physiologist, born in Mauritius. His father, Edward Brown, was a native of Phila- delphia: his mother was French, of the name of Sequard. He took the degree of JI.D. in Paris, 1840, and afterwards spent much of his time in America, investigating and lecturing. His contri- butions to our knowledge of blood and animal heat, as well as of the spinal cord and the ner- vous system, were of the highest importance. He was the first to demonstrate that the decussation of the sensory conductors is in the cord itself, and he has the reputation of having created the phvsiolog^' of the sensory tract of the spinal cord. From 1864 to ISCiS Dr. Brown-Sequard was professor of physiology and pathologj" of the nervous system in Harvard University. Re- turning to France in 1869, he was appointed professor of experimental and comparative physi- ology' in Paris. He was founder and editor of the Journal de la Pbt/siologie de I'llommc et des Animaux from 1858 to 186.3. He established Archives de la Pht/siolopie Normale et Patho- loginiic in 1869. From IST-"! to 1878 he practiced medicine in New York, and with Dr. E. C. Se- guin ])viblished the Archives of Scientific and Praclical Medicine. In 1878 he succeeded Claude Bernard as professor of experimental medicine at the College de France. He published Lec- tures on the Diafjnosis and Treatment of the Principal Forms of Parali/sis of the Lower Ex- tremities (1861). In 1880, at the age of 71, after a series of experiments upon himself, and unfortunately for his reputation, he advocated as a means of prolonging and invigorating human life the hypodermic injection of a fluid in which the testicles of sheep had been macerat- ed — the 'Browu-Scfiuard Elixir,' BROWN'SON, Orestes Augustus (1803-76). An American theologian and author. He was born in Stoekbridge, Vt., and was brought up as a Presbyterian, but became a Universalist preacher, and was a vig<irous and indefatigable writer in support of whatever belief he for the time adopted. In 1S2S he went into politics, and tried to establish a Workingmen's Party in New York, moved thereto by the ideas of Robert Owen. In 1832 he was enthusiastic over Dr. Channing, and became a Unitarian preacher. In 1830 he organized in Boston "The Society of Christian Progress"' as a church, of which he Avas pastor. At this period, also, Brownson was one of the New England Transcendental ists, and published .Yeic Vicirs of Christianity, Society, and the Church, which was a moderate attack on Protestantism. In 1838 he started the Bos- ton Quarterly Review, which had existence for about five years, and was then merged in the Kew York Democratic Review, and from 1844 •was known as Pronnson's Quarterly Review. This was written throughout almost entirely by Brownson himself. In 1840 he published Charles El wood: or, The Infidel Converted, a treatise, in the form of a story, in favor of the Roman Catholic Church, toward which the au- thor was drifting, and which he joined in 1844. A deeply spiritual man. he gained a reputation as a i)hilosopher and a powerful Catholic apolo- gist, in spite of his frequent conflicts with thp Church authorities. His most important writ- ings, in addition to those mentioned above, are: The Convert: or Leaves from My Experience (1857): The American Reimhlic: Its Constilu- iton. Tendencies, and Destiny (1870). His Works have been republished by his son, H. F. BrowTison, in 20 volumes (1882-87). The latter has also published a Li'/e, in 3 vols. (1808-1900). BROWN SPAR. A name popularly given to certain varieties of mineral carbonates that are colored brown, on accoimt of the presence of iron o.xide, especially ankerite, dolomite, mag- ncsitc, and siJrrite. BROWNSTONE. A variety of sandstone, of reddisli-brown color, used extensively as a build- ing material. The brownstones of Connecticut and New Jersey, which belong to the Triassie sys- tem, are heavily bedded, iminire sandstones, rather soft when first removed from the quar- ries, but hardening with ex|)osure to the air. They were much employed at one time in New- York and other Eastern cities, but in recent years they have been superseded in public favor by granite and limestone. See Bulldino-Stone. BROWN'S TRACT. A tract of land contain- ing about 200,000 acres, situated in the Adiron- dack Mountain region, in northern New York, extending across Herkimer County into Hamil- ton County on the east, and into Lewis County on the west. It was purchased b}' .John Brown, a ])atron of Brown University, from Alexander McComli. The tract is magnificently wooded. BROWNS'VILLE. A city and county-seat of Haywood County, Tenn., 57 miles northeast of Jlemphis, on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (Map: Tennessee, B 5). It is in a fer- tile region, adaided to stock-raising and fruit- growing, as well as to the cultivation of cotton, which forms the staple of its trade and maini- factures. Brownsville is the seat of Weslcyan Female College (Methodist Episcopal, Soutli I , founded in 1870, and Brownsville Female Col- lege (Baptist), established in 1851. Popula- tion, in 1890, 2516; in 1900, 2045, BROWNSVILLE. A city, port of entrj', and county-.scat of Cameron County, Tex., opposite Matamoros, Mexico, on the Rio (Jrande River and on the Rio firande Railroad (.Map: Texas, F 6). It has important commercial and stock- raising interests, .and a large trade with Mexico. Its not^able buildings include the Cameron Coun- ty courthouse, a United States custom-house, a Roman Catholic convent, and the Roman Catho- lic cathedral. Settled in 1848, Brownsville was incorporated in 1S:>3, and is now governed under the ciiarter of 1875, which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a city council, Browns- ville is in the territory claimed after 1845 by both the United States "and Jlexico. On May 9, 1846, the battle of Re.saea de la Palma (q.v.) was fought 4 miles away, and at Fort Brown (formerly Fort Taylor), near by, a garrison was stationed throughout the Mexican War. On September 28, 1859, Brownsville was captured
