BRUHL. 578 BBXJMIDI. tion of the Saxon Army, the unwise alliance with Austria, and the disaster at Pima (q.v.), may be attributed to Briihl's course durin<r the wars of Frederick. Kinj; and Minister lied to Warsaw after the loss of the Saxon Army in 1750. Both eame back to Dresden when peace was made at lIubertsliurfT, and both died there in October, 1703. Consult- Justi. Lelien des Grafeii von r.riihl 'Cr.ttiii^'en. 1700-01). BRTTHNS. brfiijns, Kahi. Christian (18.30- Sl). A (jennan astronomer, born in Pliin (Hol- stein). He shidied practical mechanics, in 1852 was appointed an assistant in the Berlin Observa- tory, and in 1S.>!) became a lecturer at the iniiversity. In ISOO lie was appointed professor of astronomy and director of the observatory at the University of Leipzig. He discovered six comets, in 1803 organized the meteorological service of Saxony, and in 1878 established in Leipzig one of the first Gernian bureaus for the publication of weather forecasts (later trans- ferred to Cliemnitz). His publications include many contributions to periodicals and reports, Die astronomischc Stralilenbrechvnri in Hirer hixlorisclirn Untirickcliinfj (ISOl). and an excel- lent biography (180l») of J. F. Encke (q.v.), the Berlin astronomer. BRUIN, SiK. The bear; the king's messen- ger in The History of Reynard the Fox, who speeds with Reynard to his own discomfiture. See Bey.nard the Fox. BRXJIS, bry'e', or BRUEYS, Peteb de. See Brivs. BRUISE (OF. hniinrr. Fr. briser. AS. hrysan, to break, bruise), or Contisiox. An injury in- flicted by a lilow or sudden pressure, in which the skin is not necessarily wounded. Both terms, and especially the latter, are employed in sur- gery to include such injuries in their widest range, from a black eye to a thonmghly crushed mass of muscle. Tn the slighter forms of this injury, as in ordinary simple bruises, there is no tearing, but only a con<-ussion of the textures, the utmost damage done being the rupture of a few small blood-vessels, which occasions the dis- coloration that is always observed in these eases. In more severe contusions, the subjacent struc- tures — nuiseles, connective tissue, vessels, etc. — are more or less ruptured, and in extreme cases are thoroughly crushed, and usually become gangrenous. The quantity of blood that is ex- travasatcd mainly ilejicnds upon the size and number of the ruptiired blood-vessels, but partly also on the nature of the tissues injured. Thus, a lax tissue, as that of the eyelids, favors the escape of blood into the surrounding parts. The most characteristic signs of a recent contusion are more or less shock (q.v.), pain, swelling, and discidoration of the surface from effused blood. (See KofllVMOSis.) There is nothing special in the character of the shock, but it is worthy of notice that it is most severely felt in injuries of sjiecial part-s — as the testes, the breasts, and the larger joints, which are often followed by reinarkahle general depression, faint- ness, loss of musoilar i)ower. and nausea. The immediate pain following the blow is succeeded by a feeling of numbness, which, after a varying time, unless the part is killed, gives place to a heavy, aching pain, .ltliough some depression may usually be observed inunediaU-ly after the infliction of the blow, swelling of the parts rajiidly follows, as may be well seen in the case of a child receiving a blow on the head, or of the wheal that rises after the lash of ,a whip. In lax parts, such as the eyelids, the swelling is often considerable, and may remain for a week or more : but in other parts it usually subside* in two or three days. The discoloration passes successively through the variations of red. pur- ple, black, green, and yellow. It is due to the eiTused blood and the changes which subsequently take place in it. The fluid part of the blodd and the colorless corpuscles are reabsorbed in the process of repair, but the red cor])Usclcs are left behind, and it is the transformation of their htemoglobin into hiematoidin which brings about the characteristic color-changes. As a result of contusion we may have a ha^na- toma, or blood-tumor, sloughing of a part, septic infection of the extravasated blood or abscess, in- flammation of special structures, as nerve-trunks, synovial meml)nines of joints, tendimsheaths, the periosteum of hone. eU-. It seems fairly recognized that certain tiunors. malignant and benign, may be stimulated to growth from a con- tusion. The treatment of contusion consists in stimulating nieasiires to combat shock when present: locally rest and elevation of the parts are indicated, together with moist and cold or hot applications in the first stage to allay pain and inflanunation. hen inlhuiunation has sub- sided, massage and stimulating applications should be eiuploycd to hasten absorption of the effused blood- products. BRULGRUD'DERY, Dennis. The Hiber- nian host of the Kcd Cow, in Colman the Young- er's comedy John Hull; a quaint character, with all the humor of his race. BRULL, bryl, Ignaz (1846—). An Austrian pianist and composer, born in Prossnitz, Mo- ravia. He studied the pianoforte under Epstein^ and composition imder Kulinatscha and DcssolT. and appeared in concerts in ^'ienna and London with success. His works for the orchestra have given him fame as a composer, and he has mIso written chumlier mvisic and several operas, which have taken a place in the moiiern repertory. The.se include Das gohlene Krcuz (Berlin, 1875), his best-known work; Kuniyin Muriette (Miui- ich, 1883) ; Das steinerne Uerz (Vienna, 1888), and the comic opera Der Husar (1898). BRUMAIRE, bni'm-lr' (Fr., from Lat. hnniHi. winter I. The second month in the He- piiblican calendar of France. It extended from OctolKT 22 to Xovember 20 in the years l.-lll. and '.-VIll.; from Octol)er 23 to November 21 in the years IV., VIII.-XI., XIII. and XIV.; and from October 2-1 to Xovember 22 in the year XII. The celebrated 18th Bruniaire of the year VIII., which witnessed the overthrow of the Directory and the elevation of X'apoleon as First Consul, corresponds with November 9, 1799. of the Gregorian Calendar. See Calendar; France. BRUMIDI, broo-me'd*. Constantine (1805- 80). An Italian historical painter, born in Rome. He studied in Rome, and painted frescoes^ in the Vatican under Gregory XVI., besides adorning many palaces of his native city. When Koine was occupied by the French in 1849 he came to America, and was naturalized in the United States, in 1852. The first frescoes paint- ed in America were the work of his hand, and may be seen in the Capitol in Washington. Thejr
