BRtTNSWICK. 586 BKTJSH. of the German ducliy of the same name, situated on the Oker, about 35 miles southeast of Han- over, and in latitude 52° 16' N., and longitude 10° 32' K. (Map: Germany, D 2). The town is irregularly built, and its crooked and narrow streets lend it a mediaeval appearance, although its fortifications have given way to parks and promenades. The most noteworthy of the churches are the cathedral, founded by Henry the Lion in the Twelfth Century, and containing the tombs of Henry and his wife; the Church of Saint Catharine, begun by liim in the Twelfth Century, and completed in the Fifteenth; and the Church of Saint Magnus, the original of which was built in the Eleventh Century. Among the secular edifices, the most prominent is the Ducal Palace, erected in 1831-30 on the site of the (iraue Hof, and reconstructed after the fire of 1865. It has an imposing fagade, sur- mounted bv a fine quadriga in copper, and is adorned with statues of Otho IV. and Otho the Child. The Altstadt Kathaus (town-hall of the old town) is a fine Gothic building, begun in 12.50 and completed in 1468. Its facade, having open arcades and pillars, is adorned with the statues of Saxon princes. Among other interest- ing edifices are the old ca.stle, recently rebuilt, and the beautiful Gewandhaus. Brunswick is rich in monuments, including one to Lessing. The chief industries comprise the manufactur- ing of chicory, tobacco, woolens, paint, machines, chemicals, articles of apparel, sugar, liquors, etc. The commerce is considerable, but it has de- clined of late, and the annual fairs have lost in importance. The city administration is carried on by a numicipal' council of 36 members and an execu- tive board of 8 members. Brunswick owns its water-works, gas plant, a slaughter-house, and markets. A municipal sewage farm has been in operation since 1897. The city is well pro- vided with educational institutions, among which are a technical high school established in 1745, and several special schools and teachers' seminaries. The Ducal Musuem contains fine Dutch paintings and etchings. There are also a municipal nniseum and a theatre. Population, in 18!)0, 101.047: in 1900, 128,177. Most of the inhabitants are Lutherans. Brunswick is supposed to have been founded in the second half of the Ninth Century. It ob- tained municipal privileges from Henry the Lion, by whom it was also strongly fortified. A mem- ber of the Hanseatic League. Brunswick became one of the most important cities of Northern (Jer- many; but its prosperity did not outlive that of the I^eague. In the Seventeenth Century began a decline, to which the Thirty Years' War also contributed. During 1806-13 Brunswick behmgcd to the Kingdom of Westphalia. In 1830 it was the scene of a revolution, which resulted in the llight of tlic reigning Duke. BRUNSWICK BLACK. A varnish em- ployed for coating coarsely finished iron grates, fenders, etc. It is mainly compounded of bitu- men, lampblack, and turiicntine, and when ap- plied with a brush, quickly dries, and leaves a shining jet-black surface. A similar composition of finer quality for finer work is known as Ber- lin blaek. BRTnrSWICK GBEEN. A name applied to several diiTerent substances. It has been used, in the first place, to denote a green pig- ment obtained by heating, in a closed vessel, a solution of ammonium chloride with copper fil- ings, separating the resulting pigment from metallic copper by washing, and then slowly drying it. As thus obtained, the pigment is a copper o.xychloride, essentially similar to the mineral atucnniile, which was originally found in Chile. Another use of the name is t« denote the pigment precipitated by the addition of am- monium carbonate to a solution of alum and copper sulphate. Lighter shades of this pig- ment may be produced by adding barium sul- phate or alum. At present, however, the name Brunswick green is generally applied to mix- tiires of Prussian blue and cliroiiii' yellow. BRTJSA, broo'sa, or BROUSSA (anciently, Lat. Prusa). A town of Asiatic Turkey, the cap- ital of the vilayet of the same name, situated at the foot of Mount Ol^Tupus. about 20 miles from the Sea of Marmora (Ma]): Turkey in Asia, C 2). The town is divided into several parts by a mountain stream, spanned by a number of bridges. It has an old ruined castle in the centre, and while its streets are not very wide or straight, the town has a very neat and pic- turesque appearance. Mosques are numerous, and some of them — as e.g. the Oglu-Djami — jjos.sess architectural beaiity. There are also a number of fine baths, khans, and bazaars, which are well stocked with European goods imported from Constantinople. In Brusa and its vicinity are the tombs of several of the early sultans and of a large number of Turkish notabilities. About a mile west of the town are found four hot sul- phur springs used for bathing. The industrial importance of Brusa is considerable. It pro- duces silk goods and garments of a ven- high reputation in the Eastern markets, exported also to Lyons. The port of Brusa is Mndania. with which it is connected by a railway line about 20 miles long. Brusa had once a population of 100.000, which has dwindled at present to about 40,000, mostly Turks. Brusa was built by Prusias II.. King of Bi- thynia. In 1326 Orkhan, son of Othman, the sec- ond Sultan of Turkey, captured it and made it the capital of his empire, and it continued so until the Sultan Anuirath 1.. the successor of Orkhan, removed the capital to Adrianople. The Tartars i)lundered it in 1402. It has suffered miich from fire and earthquakes. Consult Wil- son. Conslantinoplc, Brusa, and the Troad (L<m- don. 18!)3). BRXTSASORCI, broo'sA-sOr'chS. See RiCCio, DOMKXICO. BRUSH. This term is used in electricity, first, to describe a particular form of discharge from an electrical machine (q.v.), and. second, as the name of the device by which contact is established between the comnuitator, or other revolving part of a dynamo or motor, and the conductors leading to the line. The brush dis- charge from a static machine takes place when the machine is in operation, but no sparks are drawn fr(mi the collector, and is in the form of a brush of pale-blue liglit, visible in a darkened room, and accompanied by a faint hissing or crackling. It occurs at the brass ball which is farthest distant from the collecting comb, and appears very similar to a tree with its branches and ramifications. The shape of the brush
