BUCHANITES. 603 BITCHER. BUCHANITES, buk'-nn-its. An extraordi- nary sect of tauaties_. which sprang' up in the west of Scotland in ITS;!, but has now become extinct. The founder of the sect was Elspeth Simpson, the daughter of John Simpson and Mar- garet Gordon, and she was born at Fatniacken, near Banff, northeast Scotland, whore her father kept an inn, in 1738. She married Robert Buchan, a potter of ttreenock, hut not being happy with liini. she removed with her children to Glasgow in 1781, and subsequently was di- vorced from him. In Glasgow, in 1783, she be- came acquainted with the Rev. Hugh White, minister of the Relief congregation in Irvine, 10 miles north of Ayr, a weak, vain man, and coarse declamatory preacher, and moved to Ir- vine to be in his congregation. She converted him and his wife to the belief that she was the woman mentioned in Rev. xii., and that he was the man child whom the woman bare! She also claimed to be able to impart the Holy Ghost by breathing. A little company of believers in their claims, and others of like nature, was collected. Then the customary persecutions began and tlie customary village gossip that their meetings were licentious orgies. Robert Burns, in a let- ter to J. Burness in August, 1784, repeats the tale. White was deposed from the ministry and the company banished from the burgh. They went about 50 miles southeast and settled at Xew Cample, 10 miles north by west of Dumfries. There Mrs. Buchan died in JIay. 1701. The sect, which never numbered more than a handful, be- came extinct in 1848. Consult Train, The Buchanltes from First to Last (Edinburgh. 1846) . BUCHAREST, or BUKHAREST, boo'k,i- rest'. The capital of Rumania, situated on both sides of the Dimbovitza, in latitude 44° 25' N. and longitude 20' 7' E. (Map: Balkan Penin- sula, F 2). The two parts of the city are con- nected by twelve bridges, five of iron and seven of stone. The general appearance of the city, with its green gardens and numerous church cupolas, is very attractive, although many of the streets are narrow and crooked, still retain- ing some of their Oriental characteristics. These streets, however, are confined mostly to the sub- urbs, and the city itself is practically modern. The fortifications of Bucharest, completed in 1896, are very extensive and formidable, con- taining eighteen forts and forming a circle of over 40 miles in circumference around the city. The chief streets, such as the Boulevard. Calea, Victoria, Lipscani, and Karlstrasse, are well laid out. and lined with numerous fine buildings. Bucharest contains over 120 churches, mostly Greek Orthodox. The most prominent secular buildings of the capital are the royal palace, the university, the national theatre, the palace of justice, and a number of other Government build- ings, besides numerous private palaces. Bucha- rest has a number of fine monuments, including one to .Joan Heliade-Radulescu. the father of Rumanian literature, and one to the Waywode Michael the Brave. Industrially Bucharest is of comparatively little importance. Most of the manufacturing establishments are in the hands of Germans and Hungarians, and the production is only slightly above the local demand. The chief manufactur- ing products are fiour, beer, soap, candles, brick, some textiles, and iron articles. Tlie commerce Vol,. III.— 39. is more developed, and a considerable part of the im|)orts of Rumania come to Bucharest. Bucharest is administered by a town council, consisting of seventeen members. The water- .■-upply and the sewers are inadequate, and most of the streets are lighted by gas, while there are still some lighted bv oil. Electricity is u.sed only for illuminating the royal palace and the larger public buildings. For local transportation there are a number of horse-car lines and one electric railway. The chief educational institutions are the uni- versity; the veterinary institute; the Ruma- nian Academy, with valuable collections and a library; the museum of zoiilogj-, anthropology, and ethnology; the botanical museum; the museum of antiquities ; and the Rumania Geo- graphical Society. The charitable institutions are very numerous, and include ten public hospi- tals, a number of poorhouses, and kitchens for the poor. The population was 282,071 in 1899. Over 200,000 are Greek Orthodox, over 43,000 Jews, and the rest Roman Catholics, Protestants, Mohammedans, and Armenians. Bucharest became the residence of the Princes of Wallachia at the end of the Fourteenth Cen- tury. It was taken by the Austrians in 1789, and held for two years. The town has suffered greatly from pests and earthquakes. On May 28, 1812, a treat}' was concluded here between Russia and Turkey, by which the former ob- tained Bessarabia, the Pruth being made the boundary between the two empires. In 1862 Bucharest became the capital of Rumania. BUCHAREST, University of. The State university of Rumania. It was founded in 1864, and in 1902 had over 4300 students in mathe- matics and science, philosophy, law, medicine, and theology. It comprises, also, a school of pharmacy and a number of laboratories and museums. The library contains about 11,000 volumes. BtJCHELER, buK'e-ler, Franz (1837—). A German philologist. He was born in RUeinberg, studied in Bonn, became professor in Freiburg in 1858 and in Greifswald in 1866, and in 1870 was called to Bonn. His investigations in the department of ancient Italian dialects are very valuable. Especially important is his Grundriss der lateinischen Dehlination (1866; a new edition by Windekilde, with the admirable additions of the Frencli translator. Havet, in 1879). He also published editions of Frontinus, De Aquis Ui-his liomw (1858); I'etronius (1862) ; the Hymniis Cereris Homericus ( 1869) ; the Rclifjuicr of Quintius Cicero (1869); and Hcronda; Mimiatnbi (1892). In 1878 he be- came one of the associate editors of the Jihein- ischcs Museum filr Philologie. He is renowned equally for his great learning and his discrimi- nating critical talent. BUCHER, buoG'er, Anton von (1746-1817). A t;erman author, known for his polemics against the Jesuits and for his labors in behalf of the German schools. He was born in Munich, stud- ied in Ingoldstadt, and took orders. In 1771 he was appointed rector of the German schools of JIunich. He was hittcrl}' antagonized by the Jesuits, and finally was removed from his posi- tion (1778) by Maximilian Josejih II., who, liow- ever, compensated him bj' bestowing upon him the benefice of Engelbrechtsmiinster. Here he
