BITLL-BAITING. 661 BXJLLER. BULL-BAITING. A barbarous sport, once popular in Kiijiland among all classes of society, but declared illegal in 1835. It consisted in causing a bull to be attacked by dogs, and to in- crease the fury of the bull his nose was some- times blown full of pepper. Another form of the sport was to fasten the bull to a stake by a long rope, and to set bulldogs at him, one at a time, which were trained to seize him by the nose, an act called pinning the bull. The specta- tors especially appreciated the success of the bull, wh6n, lowering his head, he caught the dog on his horns and tossed him to a great distance. In some plans bull-baiting took place regularly as an annual event, and funds were sometimes left to provide for it. King .James 1. delighted in this sport. When, as a prince, the Czar Nicho- las I. of Russia visited England in 1810, he at- tended a boxing-match and a bull-baiting, which were organized as samples of English sport. An equally barbarous sport, termed butl-run- ning, was formerly practiced at Stamford and Tutbury, where men and women maddened the bull with hideous noise, and then pursued and beat him with 'bull clubs' till he expired. BtTLLBAT (so called from the noise it makes and its flying mostly at dusk) . A local name of the night-hawk (q.v.). BULLCALr. A recruit in Falstaff's 'ragged regiment.' in Shakespeare's Henry IV., Part II. He appears in act iii., scene 2, and is described as 'a diseased man.' BULLDOG (for origin of name see below). A kind of dog which has existed as a distinct race in England for many centuries. It is regarded as a variety of the mastiff, or a cross between the mastitl' and some other breed, and seems to have originated in a variety of great courage and tenacitv developed in boar-hunting. Short-eared mastiffs, called 'alaunts' {Alan of heraldry), were so used in early English boar-hunting: and modern bulldogs seem to have been developed out of them by the sport of baiting animals so prevalent from Norman times to the Eighteenth Century. The worrying of a bull in particular required a dog of ferocious courage, considerable weight, the instinctive habit of seizing the enemy by the nose, and indomitable strength and tenaci- ty of jaw. These requirements were perfected V)'y breeding, and the modern bulldog, which be- gan to be recognized and cultivated early in the Seventeenth Centurj', is the result. Modern standards call for a dog of the form shown in the plate of Dog.s, weighing about 50 pounds. He nmst have a compact, thick-set, low-swung body, short and strong in the back, where the loins should be slightly elevated above the line of the withers upon mu-icular hind legs. The verv wide shoulders and stuidy fore limbs characteristic of the breed must not be carica- tured into uselessness, as is sometimes done: the dog must be able to walk any reasonable distance without exhaustion. The veiy large head, in circumference before the ears equal to the dog's height, must have an extremely short, heavily wrinkled face, forming at the throat a dewlap in two loose folds; the teeth should show, and the eyes be round and dark, and the ears be of the 'rose' form — never erect. The small breeds, called toy bulldogs, must conform to the model. Colors are various, but solid black undesirable. Red or some other pure brindle is at present pre- ferred, and next to that solid white, red, fawn, or piebald. These dogs were reared after the extinction of bull-baiting mainly for fighting in dog-pits, but latterly they have been largely bred and vari- ously nlodilied as watch-dogs and as pets, and their dispositions have been found no less faith- ful and kindly than in the case of many other dogs gently treated. The French bulldog is a small, compact breed of terrier form and pug-like face, having high, erect, bat-like ears. It originated in Brussels, became fashionable as a pet in France, and first appeared at American sliows in 1896, and has rapidly become poj)ular as an interesting little house-dog of good disposition. BULLE. bul'lc, KoNSTA.Tix (1844—). A German historian. He was bom at Minden, Westphalia, and studied philology, theolog', and history at the Universities of Jena and Bonn. He is the author of the following important works: (leschiclite der neueaten Zeit 1815-85 (1887): Geschichte der Jahre i77i-77, a continuation of Becker's Weltgeschichie (1878): Geschichte des ziceiten Kaiserreichs und des Konigreichs Ita- lien, in Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte (1890). BULLEN, bul'len, Fr.ixk Thomas (1S57 — ). An English author and lecturer, born at Pad- dington, London. After meagre schooling, and a three-j'ears' experience as errand-boy and gamin, he went to sea. He continued afloat until 1S83, and rose from able-bodied seaman to chief mate. In 1883-99 he was junior clerk in the British meteorological office. His varied experiences on board ship throughout the globe afforded him material for what many critics have regarded as the most noteworthy contribution made by an Englishman to sea literature since the days of Marryat. Of his books the earliest, The Cruise of the 'Cachalot' (1898), is the best known. Others are. The Log of a ,S'ea Waif (1899) : A Sack of Shakings (1901); and Deep-Sca Phin- derings (1901). BULLER, bi.il'lor, Sir Red^-ers Henry (1839 — ). A British military officer. He fought through the Ashantee, Kaffir, and Zulu cam- paigns, winning the Victoria Cross in the last for the gallant rescue of three comrades. Later he served in the Boer War of ISSl : in the Eg,-ptian War of 1882: and in the Sudan Cam- paign of 1SS4-S5. and received the K.C.B. in 1885. From 1887 to 1890 he was quartennafter- general. and in the latter year became adjutant- general. He was promoted to be lieutenant-gen- eral in ISni, and received the G.C.B. in 1894. In 1898 he was placed in command of the First Army Corps and the g:irrison of Aldershot. and in November, 1899, succeeded to the supreme com- mand of the British forces in South Africa. Great things were expected of him there, for he bad been regarded as one of the most active and indomitable fighting generals in the British Army; but he suffered several serious reverses about Ladysmith, and was superseded by Gen- eral Roberts and returned to Aldershot. In con- sequence of an ill-advised speech in London, soon after his return, he was retired. The unwise championship of friends also brouffht out facta regarding his South .African leadership. The Secretary for War made public through the reg- ular nnrliamentarv channel^ the fact that Gen- eral Buller, after his first reverse, had advised by heliograph message that General White, the
