BULRUSE. height, which are almost leafless, .and bear their flowers in compound umbels of small brown spikelets. Tlie root is astrin<;ent and diuretic, and was formerly employed in niedieine; but the stems are the most useful part of the ])lant, being much employed for making chair-bottoms, mats, etc. : also by coopers for filling up spaces be- tween the seams of casks, to which purpose their spongy nature particularly adapt.s them, and not unfreiiiiently for thatch ing cottages. A variety, conunon in t'alifornia, is much used as covers for wine-bottles in packing. There are a number of other tnll-growing species of Scirpus in diflereut parts of tiie world that resemble the bulrush in appearance and uses. See Typiia. BULSAR'. A seaport of British India, in the District of Surat. Bombay, on the estuary of a small river of the same name, which falls into the Gulf of Cambay. It is 44 miles south of Surat (Map: India, B 4). It is a thriving place, with manufactures of ginghams, and a considerable trade in grain, salt, and sugar, and the export of timber. Population, about 13.200. BULTHAUPT, boolfhoupt, Heinrich (1849 — ). A (jerman poet, dramatic author, and law- yer, city librarian of his native town. Bremen. Jn both the lyrical and the dramatic genres, Bult- lutupt gives evidence of exceptional talent and versatility, and many of his works have achieved great popularity. His dramatic productions in- chide Saul (1870); L'hi corsisches Trauerspiel (1872) ; Die Arbeifpr (1877). in which work a distinctivelv modern subject is treated with ad- mirable skill; Gerold We'tidel (2d ed., 1800) : Die Kopisten, comedy (1875) ; Lebende BUder. com- edy (1875). He also furnished the text to sev- eral oratorios composed by Bruch and Vierling, has prepared adaptations of Shakespearean dramas {Cymbeline, 1885, and Timoii von Athen, 1894) : and has written a number of poetic works {Durcli Frost iind Gluten, 2d ed., 1892), and criticisms, notably that entitled Shakespeare und der Xaiuralismus. as well as four novelettes. The work by which he has achieved especial dis- tinction, however, is the Drar.iaturgie der Klassi- ker (1882. et seq., and frequently reprinted) — a splendid exposition of the dramatic art of Shake- speare and of the German classicists and their successors of the Xineteenth Century. BTJLTJWAYO, boo'!r)o-wa'y6, or BTILA- WAYO. The capital of Matabeleland. and chief commercial town of British Rhodesia. Central Africa, situated about 250 miles southwest of Salisbury (Map: Africa, G 7). It has a number of mercantile houses, banks, schools, churches, and several newspapers. It is connected by rail with the British possessions in South Africa, and its white population numbers over 7000. BULWARK (Dan. bulrark. from bul. trunk of a tree + vwrk, Ger. Werk. Engl, icork). In military matters, the old name for a rampart or like defense. In a ship, the Imhvarks are the part of a ship's side which projects above the level of the upper deck. In ordinary vessels they form a parapet, protecting the seamen trom the waves, and preventing loose articles from being swept off the deck; in men-of-war they, in addition, serve to protect the men from an ene- my's small-arm fire. BXJL'WER-LYT'TON, Kdward Geobge Karle, first Lord Lytton ( 1803-73) . An English Vol.. III.— 43. 667 BULWER-LYTTON. novelist, bom in London, May 25, 1803. He was the youngest son of William Earle Bulwer of lleydon Hall. Norfolk, and Elizabeth Barbara Lytton of Knebworlh, Hertfordshire. His father died in 1807; and on the deatli of liis mother in 1S43, Buhver assiuned her surname. After at- tending various schools, he proceeded to Cam- bridge, and graduated B.A. from Trinity Hall in 182G. At the university he read extensively in history, won the chancellor's medal for a poem, and was regarded as one of the best speakers in the Union Society. Parts of 1825 and 182G he passed in Paris, where he was admitted into the 'most brilliant houses of the olil noblesse.' He returned to England, a typical dandy of the ]ieriod, and married (1827) a clever Irish girl named Rosina Doyle W heeler. As the marriage caused an estrangement between mother and son, Bulwer was thrown largely on his own resources for a living. He wrote extensively for the maga- zines and the annuals, and produced novel after novel. The marriage proved most unhappy, and a legal separation was granted June 14, 1831), On the death of his mother, lie succeeded to the Knebworth estate. Bulwer sat in Parliament during two long periods, first as a Protectionist Liberal and then as a Conservative (1831-41 and 1852-66). In 1858 he was appointed Secretary for the Colonies, and in 18GG was raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton. Though not a ready debater, he stieceeded well with prepared speech- es. He died in Torquay, .January 18, 1873, and was buried in U'estrainster Abbey. Bulwer was a versatile writer. He composed verse at the age of seven and published a volume when a school- boy (1820). Other volumes followed in 1823, 1825. and 1827. At this time Bulwer was pass- ing through several phases of Byronic influence. Among his later poems are The Xeir Timon (1846), King Arthur (1848), and Saint Ste- phens (I860). The first has become memorable for a fierce assault on Tennyson and for Tenny- son's reply in Punch. Of the various metres Bulwer essayed, he succeeded best in the heroic couplet. He wrote several plays, which, though mediocre as literature, have long kept the stage; among them are The Ladi/ of Lyons (1838), Richelieu ( 1838), and I/oney (1840). Attempt- ing the work of Gibbon, he wrote Athens, /M Rise and Fall ( 1837 ) , but it was never completed. As a novelist he played many parts, adapting himself to public taste. He began with Falkland (1S27), an interesting imitation of tlie Sorrows >'f ^]'erther. His success as a novelist was assured by Pelham (1828). deemed by many critics the most delightful of all his books. He had now passed beyond the influence of Byron and Ger- man sentimentalism, and presented the public with a new type of gentleman, the cynic in black waistcoat moving in high society. Pelham be- came in a way the type of the novel of contempo- rary manners to which Hulwer reverted at inter- vals: as in Ernest Maltravers (1837); Alice (1838); yir/ht and Morniny (1841); The Cax- tons (1850); My yovcl (1853); and Kcnelm Chillingly (1873)'. The last three have the added aim of humor in the manner of Sterne. Taking up the criminal novel as left by William Godwin, Bulwer published Paul Clifford (1830) and Eu- gene Aram (1832). An experiment with the historical novel in Devereux (1829) led to the widely popular Last Days of Pompeii (1834); Uicnzi (1835); Leila, or the Siege of Oranada
