BURBRIDGE. 678 BURCKHARDT. rank of major-general of volunteers by defeat- ing General Morgan and his raiders in 1864. He resigned in 1865, and retired to private life in Kentucky. BTJR'CHARD, Sami-ei, Dickinson (1812- 01 ) . All American Presbyterian clergyman, born in Steuben, N. Y. He graduated at Cen- tre College in 183G, and soon became promi- nent in Kentucky as an anti-slavery and tem- perance lecturer. He became pastor of the Houston Street Presbvterian Churcli in New York City in 1839, and of the ilurray Hill Church in 1879, but in 1885 he witlulrcw from active work, and became ])astor emeritus. On October 29, 1884, toward the end of the bitter Blaine-Cleveland Presidential campaign, he was the spokesman of a large party of clergymen of all denominations, who waited upon Blaine at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City to as- sure him of their su]jport. Toward the end of his generally temperate address, he character- ized the Democratic Party as the party of ■Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion.' This unfor- tunate alliteration, which Blaine did not at the time take the pains to repudiate, was immedi- ately made use of by the Democrats as campaign material. The words were printed on leaHets which were spread broadcast among the voters, flaring placards, ringing endless changes on the letters 'R. R. R.,' were exhibited in all the large cities, and the Democratic press persistently at- tributed the sentiment to Blaine himself and charged him with being a rabid anti-Catholic. It is generally believed that the plirase alienated enough Catholic voters in New York State alone, where the Democratic majority was only 1047 votes, to turn the national election, which hinged on the electoral vote of New York, to Cleveland. BTJRCHARDI, burK'iir-de, Georg Ciiris- TIA.N (179.5-1882). A German jurist. He was born at Ketting, in the island of Alsen, and was educated at the universities of Kiel, Berlin, and Gottingen. His numerous contributions to the history and the nature of Roman law arc im- portant. His principal publication is Die Wis- senschaft u>td Kiinst drr Rechtsfindung (1869). BTJR'CHELL, William .Joiix (c.l782-18G3). An English explorer and naturalist, born in Fulham. He was 'schoolmaster and acting bota- nist' on the island of Saint Helena for the Kast India Company, from 1805 to 1810, and then proceeded to South Africa. Here in the cour.se of several years of solitary exploration he accu- mulated a collection of (53.000 natural objects, ."lOO drawings, and much material on astronom- ical, meteorological, and other subjects. Many of the specimens collected on this journey are now in the British Museum. In 1825 he made an extended tour tlirough Soiitli .merica, where also he was gcneralh- unattended. He proceeded through the Province of Goyaz as far as Porto Real and Para. The entomological collection alone, vvhicli he accumulated on this journey, is said to have been eight or nine times as large as that previously made in Africa. In recog- nition of his valuable services to science, many of the animal and vegetable species discovered by him were named in his honor. See Zebra in colored Plate of Hohsks. BURCHIELLO, bimr-kyel'lA, Dojienico (c.13901448). An early Italian satiric poet. whose real name seems to have been Domenico di Giovanni. He is known to have kept a bar- ber sliop in Florence, which was a favorite place of meeting, for a circle of artists and men of letters, among them heon Battista Al- bert! and Giovanni Aquettini da Prato. Sub- sequently he lived in great poverty in .Siena, and finally died in Rome in 1448. Burehiello is inter- esting as illustrating the type of burlesque pwtry prior to Francesco Berni. His favorite form was the soiuxtto caudato, or sonnet with a tag of three extra lines. His poems are often tinged with vulgarity and are written .so largely in the current slang of his day that they would "scarcely be intelligible now, even aside from the references to people and places long since forgotten. In 1553 they had already become so obscure that the efforts of his first commentator, Doni. to ex- plain them make strange and curious reading. Of the numerous editions of his sonnets, may especially be mentioned : Honnetti del Burchirllo, del Belliiicioiii c d'altri poeti fioretitini (London, 1757). Consult Gargani, Sulle poesic del Biirciii- cUo (Florence. 1877). BURCKHARD, boork'hiirt, JUx Eigen (1854 — ). An Austrian poet and writer on jurisprudence, born in Korneuburg. After uni- versity study in Vienna, he became a member of the Ministry of Education, and in 1890 direc- tor of the Vienna Court Theatre, on whose black- list he placed the dramas of Ibsen, Hauptmann, and Sudermann. His publications include. In verse. Das Lied rom Taiinhiiiiser (1888), and. in prose. System des oslerreicliischeii Friiatrechtt (1883-89) and (_lrset:e iittd Verordinuigen in Kullussachi II (1S87; 3d ed., 2 vols., 1895). BURCKHARDT, Heinrich (1811-79). A German forester, born in Adelebsen. He studied at the University of Gottingen. and entered the Government service of Hanover as an under-for- ester. In 1858 he was appointed director of forests as a member of the Ministry of Finance. When Hanover was consolidated with Prussia (1866) he was retained as a Prussian chief ranger. He wrote Forstliche Hilfstafeln (3 pis., 1852-58; Hiieii und J'/laiizcn (1855; 6th ed. 1892) ; and Der Wuldiccrt in Bezichuny auf ^'( ruusseruitg (18U0). BURCKHARDT, .lAKon (1818-97). A Swiss historian. He was l)orn in Basel, studied at the universities of Basel and of Berlin, and was ap- pointed professor of the history of art and civili- zation in the former. He afterwards taught a few years at the Polytechnic Institute of Ziirich. His works, characterized alike by th(uough re- search, sound learning, and an excellent style, include Jakob ron llochsladni. Erzbischof von hiilii (1843) ; Die Zeit Koiistantiiis des (Irosseii (18.53); Cieerove (1855; (ith ed. by W. Bode, 1893), a kind of guidebook, containing a history of art in Italy, together with descriptions of the more important art-works of that country; Die Kultur dcr Renaissance in Itulien (6th ed., 1898) ; and a valuable Geschiehte der Renais- sance in lialien (3d ed., 1890-91). BURCKHARDT, .Tohann K.rl (1773 1825). A matheniatician and astronomer, bom in .Leip- zig. He studied at the University of Leipzig, pursued a course in astronomy under Zach in Gotha, and was appointed assistant astronomer in the Bureau des Longitudes. Paris. In 1807 he became the director of the observatory of the
