and hence to a department of public officials.
Bureaucracy is, accordiiifily. a government liy
orticcholders characterized by adhereiuc to official traditions and 'red tape.' For the history
of the article of furnitiire, consult VioUet-le-Duc,
Dictioiiiiaire raisonne dit mobilier fraii(ais (Paris,
IS.iS-T.i).
BUR'EL, or Bure.w (OF. hiirel, a coarse cloth, rusaet-colored, from Lat. burnis, dark red, Low Lat. burra. coarse red cloth). A cloth, generally of coarse texture, manufactiired in England' in the Middle Ages for cloaks and other outer garments.
BURETTE, by-ret' (Fr., little vase, from OF. buire, flask, from Lat. bibcre, to drink). A measuring apijaratus invented by Gay-Lussac, and much used in chemical laboratories. It con- sists of a graduated glass tube terminating in a narrow opening. By means of an attachment, as a stop-cock or rubber tulie with a spring clamp, a liquid contained in the burette may be drawn off lay drops. The burette is usually employed when it is necessary, for analytical purposes, to use precisely measured volumes of liquid reagents.
BURG, boorK (Ger., fort— it is a walled town). A town of Prussia, in the Province of Saxony, situated on the Ilile, about 13 miles northeast of Magdeburg (Map: Prussia, D 2). !lt has long been famous for its extensive woolen manufactures. It has also manufactures of gloves, shoes, starch, and tobacco, dye-works, tanneries, brick-kilns, distilleries, foundries, etc., and a large trade in farm produce. Population, in 1S90. 17,.500: in 1000, 22,500.
BURGAGE TENURE (from OF. boiirgaze, Med. Lat. hurfimiuin. from biirgus. borough). A form of tenure of real property which prevails both in England and Scotland, although some- what differently regarded in these two coun- tries. In England it is a variety of socage (q.v. ) tenure, and obtains where the King or Other person is lord of an ancient borough in which the tenements are held by a certain and determinate rent. Burgage tenures are char- acterized by a variety of curious customs, af- fecting the alienation and inheritance of the lands so held, and differentiating them from the more usual common-law tenures. Such, for ex- ample, is the custom that the wife shall be en- dowed with all her husband's tenements, and not with the third ]iart only, as at common law. In Scotland, by this tenure is meant a peculiar sort of military holding affecting property in royal burghs, the sovereign being superior or over-lord, and each individual proprietor or l.'urgess holding direct of the Crown, for the reddendo, or service, of u-atching and uarding, ' this service is now merely nominal. If the l)urgh, as such, ceases to exist, the Crown does not thereby lose its rights over the pro- prietors, for th'ey continue as Crown vassals (q.v.). The statutes .SI and .32 Vict. c. 101, and 32 and 33 Vict. c. llti, abolished many useless forms of this tenure. (See Tenure.) Consult: Blackstone, Comwentnrici on the Laws of Eng- land; Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law (2d ed., Boston, 180!)) : Stephen, ew Com- mentarif.i on the Laus of Ennlnnd.
BURGAS, boor-gas' or BOURGAS. A sea- port town of Eastern Rumclia, situated on the bav of the same name. aboit 7(! miles northeast of.Adrianople (Map: Turkey in Europe, F 3). Burgas is the terminal of the Sofia-Burgas Railway, and contains several mosques and Christian eliurches. It carries on some trade in grain and animal products. Pojjulation, in 1001, 11.700, chielly Uulgarians.
BURGDORF, lioorK'dorf (Fr. Berthoud. in local patois Iliirtlcf, founded by Bcrthokl V.). A town in the Swiss Canton of liern, situated on the Emme, 14 miles from Bern. It is over 1800 feet above sea-level, and consists of a lower and an upper part, which are connected by spiral streets (Map: Switzerland, B 1). There is an ancient castle in which Pestalozzi had his school for a number of years. The town contains also ribbon, tobacco, and chocolate manufactories, and carries on a large trade in dairy products. Population, in 1900, 8400.
BURGEL, bur'gel, Koxstantin ( 1837—) . A German composer. He was born in Liebau, Sile- sia: studied under Brosig in Brcslau, and Kiel in Berlin : and in 1809-70 was an instructor in Kullak's Xeue Akademie der Tonkunst in Ber- lin, He then became a private teacher of piano- forte method. His compositions include a suite and variations, and two sonatas, for the piano- forte; a symphonic march; and a quintet for pianoforte and strings.
BURGEO (bflr'ge-o) ISLANDS. A group of small islands off the southern coast of Newfoundland, in latitude 47° 33' N., and longitude .57' 44' W. (.Map: Xewfoundland. C 5). The scen- ery is very picturesque, and Burgeo, the chief village (population 900), is a favorite resort for artists. The islands are valuable fishing sta- tions. Here, in 1765, Captain Cook made an observation of an eclipse of the sun.
BURGER, bur'ger, Gottfried August (1747- 94). -V German poet. He was born in Molmers- wende, the son of a country clergyman, and studied theology at Halle and law at Gottingen, where his poetic genius was fired by the works of Shakespeare and by Percy's Iieliqucs. He became a leading member of the Gottingen Poets' Union {Dichierbund) , contributed to its organ, the M uaenalmanach, and from 1779 until his death was its editor. The University of Gottingen gave him an honorary' degree in 1787, and soon after made him professor (without salary) of philosophy and iesthetics, a curious post for one of dissolute youth and discreditable manhood. The greatest work of his misgtiided genius was prodiiced while he was still young. His best ballad. Lenore (1773), coincided in date with Goethe's (!6tz von Berlichingen, and the beginning of the decade of literary storm and stress. Goethe, who was soon to speak of him as a 'sad example,' thought his earlier poems 'worthy of a better age.' Critics to-day see in them the most potent influence toward the revival of the ballad form in which so much of the best German poetry of the next generation was cast. These ballads are classics familiar to every German schoolboy. Some of the most striking, besides the incomparable Lenore, are Der icilde Jiiger, Das Lied vom braven Mann, Die Weiber von Weinsberg, Der Kaiser und der Abt, and Biirger's own favorite Lenardo und Blandinc. Biirger also revived the sonnet form in German, and his experiments in it were praised as models by Schiller, who, however, severely criticised some of Burger's more popu- lar poems. His ballads have retained their pop-
