BIENTEVEO. 62 The adult has a black liead, with a large yellow crest and white eye-stripe; the upper parts are brown and the lower surface sulphur-yellow. BIENVILLE, byax'vcl'. Jean Baptiste Le iloYNK, Sicur de ( IGSO-ITOS) . One of the four brothers who were conspicuous in the exploration and settlement of the French Province of Louisi- ana. The others were Iberville, Sauvolle, and Chateaugay, all sons of Charles Le Moyne. In 1090 Iberville, accompanied by Bienville and Sauvolle, arrived from France and founded Biloxi and a ])Ost on the Mississippi River, some 50 miles from its mouth. In 1701 Bienville suc- ceeded Sauvolle as Governor of Louisiana. He founded Jlobile, whither he transferred the seat of government. Chateaugay joined him in 1704 with seventeen settlers from Canada, and twenty women arrived from France to be married to the colonists. Bienville was dismissed in 1707, but his successor died at sea and left him still in authority. The colonists suffered exceedingly from the cumbrous system of French colonial administration, failed to prosper, and made no return to tlie King for his large outlays. In 1712, therefore, Louis XIV. farmed out the colony to a ricli merchant, Antoine Crozat. grant- ing liim an al'solute mono])oly in trade and the right to import negroes from Africa. In 1713 t'adilhic was made governor of the province, with Bienville as his deputy. They quarreled, and Cadillac was replaced by Epinay. Crozat soon threw up the colony as a losing venture. In 1718 Bienville was made governor, and with the aid of men sent out by Law's Mississippi Com- pany, founded the city of New Orleans, which became the seat of government in 172.3. Ke- called the next year, he went to France to answer certain charges, leaving in the colony a code regulating slavery, prohil)iting all religions except the Roman Catholic, and banishing Jews. In 172() he was removed, Init was reappointed in 1733, and made lieutenant-general. Throughout the whole of his active career in Louisiana, Bienville was intent upon the welfare of the colony. That the colony did not prosjicr more rapidly must be ascribed to the Frcncli colonial policy rather tlian to the faults of Hienville. In 1743 he was Uually superseded, and he passed the remainder of his life in France. BIEKBATTM, ber'boiim. Otto Jui.ius (1865 — ). A Cernian author, born at Griinberg, Lower Silesia. He successively took up the studies of philosophy. Romanic philology, his- tory of art, and Oriental languages, visiting the universities of Zurich, Lei])zig, Munich, and Berlin. After a course in Persian and Chinese at the Oriental Seminary of Berlin, as a prei)ara- tion for the German consular service in China, he was compelled by pecuniary difficulties to turn to literature. In lSi»2 he became editor of the Frcie liiihne in Berlin (later the A>i/c Oeufschc RiindsrUau) , the publication of which he .abandoned to found the art journal Pan, which, in collaboration with Julius Meyer-Graef'e, he conducted in 1895. His publications include: Erlebte Oedichle (1892); Studentenhcichtcn (1897); Die Freier.tfnhrfen vnd Freiersmcimin- gen des weiberfeiiidlichen IJerrn Pankrazius Crnunzer (1897) : Der buttte Vonel von 7S.')7 und i.S.O.O; Ein Kalendetbuch (1896 and 1898). BIERCE, AMnROSE (1842—). An American journalist and humorist, born in Ohio in 1842. BIERSTADTj He ser^'ed with distinction in the Civil War, was brevetted major, went to California in 1806, and in 1872 to London, where for a few years he engaged in journalism. Returning to California, he contributed to the Oirrlaiid Montlihi and es- pecially to the San Francisco Examiner, and also did editorial work. His more noteworthy volumes are t'obin-bs from an Empty Skull (1874); In the ilidnt of Life (1894) ; Can Such Things Bet (1898! ; lihtck lieetlca in Amber (1892) ; Fantas- tic Fables (1899). Some of his short stories dis- play much strength. BIERMANN, ber'niiin, Karl Eduard (1803- 92). A German artist, born in Berlin, lie was at first a decorative painter, but afterwards stud- ied landscape in Swit/erland, the Tyrol, and Italy, and was one of the founders and most prominent members of the Berlin school of landscape painting. He was for some time a l>rofessor in the Berlin Academy. One of his best works is "Evening in the High Alps" ( 1842) . Others are "View of Florence" "(1834), "Tasso's Oak" (1830), "Isle of Phil:!?," "Temple of Edfu," and sixteen water-colors on motives drawn from Dalmatia (1853). His style is in general force- ful and harmonious, large in outline, and some- what decorative in detail. BIEE.NATZKI, be-er-nats'ks, Joiiann Chbis- TOPii ( 1795-] 840) , A German author. He was born at Elmshorn, in Holstein, and, from 1825 to 1840, served as a Lutheran pastor at Friedrichsstadt in the Province of Schleswig. His most important publication is Hie Hallig, oder die Schiffbriichigen aiif dent Eiland in der yordsce ("The Hallig. or Shipwrecks on an Is- land of the North Sea"), with introduction by Diintzer (1881), wliieh is still valued for its ac- curate description of the pastor's personal ex- periences during the floods which frequently deso- lated Schleswig. His complete works, including tales, poems, and didactic treatises, were pub- lished after his death, 8 vols. (Leipzig, 1852). Consult his biograjjhy (Leipzig, 1852), by his son Karl Hernhard Biernatzki. BIERSTADT, ber'stat, Albert (1830-1902). An American landscape-painter. He was born at Dusseldorf, Germany, received a common-school education at New Bedford, Mass., in 1853-57 studied at the Diisseldorf ,eademy under Les- sing. and at Rome, and in 18.58 made a sketch- ing tour in the Rocky Mcmntains, largely in con- junction with the expedition of General F, W. Lander to survey an overland wagon-route. From this tour and subsequent visits to the Western United States, he collected materials for his most important works. In 1867, 1878, and 1883 he visited Europe. He was elected a National Academician in 1860. and received numerous foreign decorations and medals in .ustria. Belgium, and Germany. His studio was at Trvinsrton-on-Hudson. N. V.. until 1882. and subsequentlv in New York City. Trained in the Diisseldorf school of landscape, he was skillful as a draughtsman, although as a eolorist some- what hard and diy. The Diisseldorf method he applied to the interpretation of the vast scenery of the Rockies and the Sierras, and with F. E. Church and Thimuis Moran introduced a spa- cious, paniuamic manner into American national art. His study of nature was direct and patient; his rendering of it, despite certain crudities, was never inelTeetive, Tuekerman declared that no
