in Bedford, England, and was educated at Harrow and in Germany. Early in his life, he displayed his fondness for adventure. He entered the army in 1859, and by 1881 had command of his regiment, but he spent much of his time in travel, going first to Central and South America. He was military correspondent for the London Times with Don Carlos in Spain: and by that journal was sent to join Gordon in the Sudan. In 1875 he undertook his famous ride to Khiva, making his way, unaided and alone, to the heart of Asia, notwithstanding the Oriental laws forbidding the passage of foreigners into certain districts, and the efforts of the Russians to intercept him. In 1876-77 he rode on horseback through Asia Minor, and from Scutari to Batum. In 1880 he contested unsuccessfully, in the Conservative interest, the Birmingham seat in Parliament. He took part in the Egyptian campaign, and was killed in an engagement with the Mahdi's troops in January, 1885. Two of his books, in which he describes his exploits, reached enormous circulations: A Ride to Khica (1876) and On Horseback Through Asia Minor (1877). They are both marked by strong anti-Russian and 'jingo' sentiments.
BURNAND, Sir Francis Cowley (1837—). An English writer. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and was called to the bar in 1861. His success as a writer of burlesques led him to adopt literature as a profession. He has produced nearly a hundred dramatic pieces, among which Ixion and the burlesque of Jerrold's Black-Eyed Susan had remarkable runs. He became one of the leading contributors to Punch, and in 1880 succeeded Tom Taylor as its editor. From the pages of that periodical he has collected a number of volumes, among which the best known are Happy Thoughts (1870); More Happy Thoughts (1871); Happy Thought Hall (1872); Quite at Home (1890). He has also written two light operas in collaboration with Sir Arthur Sullivan. He was knighted in 1902.
BURNE-JONES, Sir Edward Coley, Bart. (1833-98). An English painter. He was born in Birmingham, August 28, 1833. He was intended for the Church. In his youth he was sent to King Edward's Grammar School in his native town, and entered Exeter College, Oxford. There he formed his intimate and lifelong friendship with William Morris, who, himself leaning to poetry and the decorative arts, encouraged Burne-Jones as well to seek art as a career. Later, in London, Dante Gabriel Rossetti also strove to impress upon him the same idea. So, under the influence of these two men, Burne-Jones cut short his university course and established himself in London, with Rossetti as his master. In order to support himself while studying and painting, he designed numerous cartoons for stained-glass windows. Among these works is the Saint Cecilia window at Christ Church College, Oxford. Burne-Jones early made the acquaintance of Ruskin, whose writings, no doubt, greatly influenced him in his art. Of the Pre-Raphaelite painters of that period (see Pre-Raphaelites) he seems to have been the one who in time became most completely emancipated from the vagaries and extravagances that marked the early works of that school, and by his serious devotion to art made himself worthy of the cult and following which he afterwards created. A man of wide culture and great poetic feeling, he naturally found inspiration for his brush in romantic legends and classic song and story. His master, Rossetti, says of his pictures that "they exhibit gorgeous variegation of color, sustained pitch of imagination, and wistful, sorrowful beauty, all conspiring to make them not only unique in English work, but in the work of all times and all nations." Burne-Jones has been extravagantly worshiped and praised, while at the same time his work was subject to the most bitter detraction. It was even held up to ridicule in the pages of Punch, and he himself alluded to by W. S. Gilbert in Patience as the 'greenery-yallery, Grosvenor-gallery' young man. But years of patient, cheerful, dignified work, marked by strong personal thought and expression, brought Burne-Jones at last to a sound reputation. He was made a D.C.L. of Oxford, was decorated with the French Legion of Honor, and in 1894 was made a baronet. The Royal Academy also elected him an associate in 1885, but, as it did not further advance him to the full honors of academician, he afterwards resigned the associateship. Among his best-known works are "Venus's Mirror," "Chant d'Amour," "The Golden Stair," "The Wheel of Fortune," and "Cophetut and the Beggar Maid." Among his finest water-color drawings are the "Wine of Circe," "Love Among the Roses," "Dies Domini," and "Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter." Burne-Jones died in London, June 17, 1898. Consult Bell, Edward Burne-Jones (London, 1892).
BURNELL, Arthur Coke (1840-82). An English Sanskrit scholar, born in Saint Briavels. He studied at Bedford and King's colleges, and from 1860 to 1880 was connected with the civil administration of India. Everywhere he bought or copied Sanskrit MSS., 350 of which he presented in 1869 to the India Library. For the Madras Government he compiled what is, perhaps, his greatest work, a Classified Index to the Sanskrit MSS. in the Palace at Tanjore (1880). He was versed in Sanskrit and the dialects of Southern India, and also knew something of Javanese, Coptic, and Tibetan. His South Indian Palæography (1874, 2d ed., 1878) has been characterized by Prof. F. Max-Müller as "indispensable to every student of Indian literature." He further published translations from, and commentaries on, numerous Sanskrit MSS.
BURNES, Sir Alexander (1805-41 ). A British officer and traveler. He was born in Montrose, Scotland, and belonged to the same family as Robert Burns, the poet. He early entered the Indian Army, and through his knowledge of Oriental languages gained rapid promotion. After undertaking several important missions for the Indian Government he was sent to explore the countries bordering on the Oxus and the Caspian. For greater safety, he adopted the dress and usage of the Afghans. On his return to England he was highly honored by the Royal Geographical Society and other associations, and was lionized generally. In 1839, having previously been knighted and promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he was appointed political resident at Kabul, where he was murdered on the breaking out of the insurrection in that city. He published Travels into Bokhara (2d ed. 1829).
