BURNOOSE. 705 BURNS. burnous, Ger. Burnus, Russ. buniusa, hurnuzii). The name of a garment worn in parts uf Xortli Africa. It is a large woolen mantle, worn above the other attire of the natives, and having a hood, which is thrown over the head in rainy weather. The burnoose is generally w lute, tliougli distinguished individuals wear it of various col- ors. It has been long in use among the Spaniards under the name of alboriioz. Through the con- quest of Algeria by the French, the burnoose was imported into France and England, although its original form has been considerably altered. BURNCUF, byr'noof, Emile Louis ( 1821— ). A French Orientalist, cousin of Eug&ne Burnouf. He was born in Valognes, France, August 25, 1821; lectured for a time in Xancy, on ancient literature, and subsequently was director of the French School in Athens. Among his works are Methode pour etudicr la Uimjuc saitscrUe (3d ed., 1885) ; Essai sur Ic Veda (1803) : Dictionnaire classique sanscrit-frani^ais (1863-65); Histoire de la litliraturc qrecque (1809): La ville et I'Acropole d'Athines atix diverses epoquea (1877); La mythologie dcs Japonais (1878); and Lc vatholicismc contcmporain (1879). BURNOUF, Eugene (1801-52). A French Orientalist, one of the most distinguished of modern times. He was born in Paris, August 12, 1801. and, after entering on the study of law, devoted himself to the Oriental languages, espe- cially those of India and Persia. In conjunction with Professor Lassen of Bonn, he published, in 1820, Lssai sur le Pali, which was followed, in 1827, by Observations grainmaticales surquclques passages dc I'essai sur le Pali. His great aim, however, at this time, was to obtain a com- plete knowledge of the remains of the language and religious literature of the Avesta (q.v. ), which had been neglected since the time of Anquetil-Duperron, or, at least, not philolo- gically and critically examined. Burnouf under- took to decipher those curious MSS. which An- quetil-Duperron had brought home with him, and which lay unregarded in the Bibliothfeque Impcriale. He commenced by causing the Vendi- dadSdde to be lithogiaphed with great care and published from time to time in the Journal Asiatique. In 1832 he became a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, and in the same year succeeded Chezy as professor of Sanskrit in the Coll&ge de France. In 1834 he published the first vohmie of his J'ommentaires sur le Ya^na, I'un des livres liturgiques des Parses, a work which, for the first time, rendered possible a knowledge not only of the dogmas, but also of the language of Zoroaster. It is a masterpiece of conscientious industry and scholarly acumen for the time, but too comprehensive in its scope to allow the work ever to he completed. His studies in the Avestan language indviced him to make an attempt to de- cipher the cuneiform inscriptions of Persepolis, in his Menwire sur deux inseriplions cuneifonnes I Paris. 1830). In 1840 he published the text along with a translation of the IShngnra/l'urana, a system of Indian mythology- and tradition. As the fruit of his study of the Sanskrit books of the Buddhists, he published in 1845 the Intro- duction a I'histoire du liouddhisme indien. (See Buddhism.) This great work absorbed for six years the whole energies of Burnouf, who was now the recognized successor of Silvestre de Sacy. He died -May 28, 1852. BURNOUF, Jean Louis (1775-1844). A Frcncli philologist, bom at Ur'ille (Manche). In 1S07 he became an assistant professor at the Coll&ge Charlemagne, and in 1816 professor of eloquence. From 1840 he was librarian of the university. He did much to promote the inter- ests of classical studies in France, in particular through such works as his Mfthode pour etudier la langue grecque (1814; last ed. 1893). He also prepared an excellent translation of Tacitus (6 vols., lasted. 1881). BURNS, Anthony (c.1830-62). A celebrated fugitive slave. He escaped from slavery late in 1853, but was arrested in Boston on May 24, 1854, under the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, and, pending a trial, was confined in the Boston Court House. Xews of his arrest spread rapidly and the people of Boston, already indignant over the passage of the Kansas- X'ebraska Bill (q.v.), were quickly aroused to a high pitch of excitement. On the evening of the 26th a great crowd met in mass meeting at Faneuil Hall and listened to fiery addresses by Wendell Phillips and Theodore Parker, but soon adjourned, amid scenes of great excitement, to help forward a premature effort at rescue then being made by a small party under Thomas ^'. Higginson (q.v.). The attempt completely failed, however, after one of the marshal's posse had been killed and a number of the rescuing party had been more or less severely injured, and on .June 2 Burns was formalh' adjudged to his owner by the United States Commissioner. Un- der the escort of a strong guard, he was taken tlirough the streets and placed on board a Unit- ed States revenue cutter, the houses along the line of march being draped in deep mourning and flags being everywhere placed at half-mast. Burns's freedom was procured in the following year with money collected by a colored preacher of Boston. He subsequently studied at Oberlin, and for several years was pastor of a church in Saint Catharines, Canada. He was 'the last fugitive slave ever seized on the soil of Massa- chusetts.' Consult: C. E. Stevens, Anthony Burns: A Eistorjj (Boston, 1856), and interest- ing accounts in T. W. Higginson, Cheerful Yester- days (Boston, 1898), and C. F. Adams, Jr., Richard Henry Dana, A Biography (Boston, 1891). BURNS, .John (1858—). An English labor leader, born in Vauxhall. London. From 1808 he was apprenticed to various trades, finally to engineering at Millbank, and for a year was a foreman engineer in West Africa. By his plat- form oratory, he became prominent as a repre- sentative of working men, and as an official of the Amalgamated Engineers' Association was also well known. He defended the right of public meeting in Trafalgar Square in 1887. and was imprisoned for six weeks for resisting the police. In 1885 he was defeated as Socialist candidate for Parliament from West Xottingham, and in 1889 was a member of the committee which eflfected a settlement in the gieat London dock strikes of that year. He was a member of the London County Council, and was in 1892 re- turned to Parliament for Battersea. He has pub- lished pamphlets and speeches. BURNS, KoBEBT (1759-96). The great lyric poet of Scotland. He was born at AUoway, in Ayrshire, January 25, 1759. His father, then a
