BURRITT. 711 BURROUGHS. and Civil wars. It has been claimed that his efforts in behalf of universal peace led to such re- sults as the Geneva tribunal, the Washington treaty, the Paris Bering Sea tribunal, and the representjitions of the United Stjites and the other Powers to Turkey regarding the troubles in Armenia. For his biographv, consult Xorthend (New York, 1S79). BURRO, biir'rfi (Sp.). The small donkey widely used as a pack-animal in Mexico and the soutliwestern United .States. A company of them ii^ called a burro-train. BURROUGHS, bfir'roz, Geobge (c.16.50-92). A Colonial dergjman in America, the most prominent victim of the Salem witchcraft de- lusion of 1092. He graduated at Harvard in 1670. subsequently preached for several years at Falmouth (now Portland, Maine), and from 16S0 to 1683 was pastor of the church at Salem Village (now Danvers), Mass. In 1685 he returned to Falmouth, but afterwards removed to Wells, where he was living at the time of the witchcraft delusion of 1692. Owing prob- ably to the personal hostility of some of his former parishioners at Danvers, he was arrested early in 1692 on a charge of witchcraft, his in- dictment asserting that he, on May 9 "as well before, as after, Certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcrafts and Sorceries, Wickedly and ffel- loniously hath Vsed, Practised, & Exercised . . . in, Vpon, & agt one Mary Walcott of Salem village by which said wicked Arts the said Mary . . . was and is Tortured, afflicted. Pined, Consumed, Wasted, and Tormented against the Peace of our Sovereigne Lord & Lady, the King and Queen." Burroughs was also charged with having likewise bewitched three other girls, and at the trial "was accused by five or six of the Bewitched as the Author of their Miseries ; ... by eight of the Confessing Witches as being an head Actor at some of Their Rendezvouses, and one wlio had the promise of being a King in Satan's Kingdom, now going to be Erected : by Nine Persons for extraordinary Lifting and such feats of strength, as could not be done without Diabolicall Assistance." He was finally convicted on each indictment, in spite of the report of a jury, ordered to search his body for witch marks, that "Wee find nothing upon ye body of ye Sayd Inirroughs Vmt wt is naturall:" and on August 19 he was executed on Gallows Hill, Salem, making a speech on the scaffold which moved the spectators to tears and called from Cotton Mather, alarmed lest the proceedings be discontinued, the assurance that "the Devil has often been transformed into an Angel of Light." Burroughs was the only minister who lost his life during the witchcraft delusion. Consult Sprague, Annals of the Ameri- can Pulpit, Vol. I. (New York, 1857-69): Sib- ley, flraduutr'f: of Harvard University, Vol. II. (Cambridge. 1873-85). and l^pham. Lectures on Salem Witchcraft (Boston, 1867). BURROUGHS, .Tohx (1837—). An Ameri- can essayist and critic. He was born at Rox- bury, N. Y., April 3, 1837, the son of a farmer. He spent his youth between study and work In the field, and has said that his originality was fostered by growing up among people who neither read books nor cared for them. He was, however, a bom author, and at fourteen began to write essays, which have remained always liis favorite form of expression. His first efforts were labored imitations of the ponderous lucubrations of Johnson: one of the first luxuries that he per- mitted himself having been the purchase of that autlior's works. . more congenial inspiration soon came to him from Emerson, whose Essays and Miscellanies he assimilated eagerly, and at nineteen he succeeded in gaining admission to The Atlantic Monthly with an essay on Expres- sions. -ftcr Emerson, to whom Burrouglis as- cribes the awakening of his religious nature and a revolution in his literary expression, the great influences in his literarj- life were two: Walt Whitman, who was to him a great humanizing power, and Matthew Arnold, from whom he gained clarity, alike in thought and expression. .All these influences came to him in their fullness before the publication of his first book, ^ynlt M'hitman as Poet and Person (1867). Mean- time, he had been engaged as teacher, as journal- ist, and as an official of the Treasury Department at Washington (1863-73), He was for some years afterwards special national bank examiner, but during 1870-74 passed most of his time on a farm in Esopus, N. Y., where he divided his time between fruit-culture and literature. Besides frequent contributions to periodicals, chiefly studies of nature and animal life, he wrote Wake Robin (1871): Winter liunshine (1875): Birds and Poets (1877): Locusts and Wild Honey (1879) ; Pepacton (1881) ; Fresh Fields (1884) ; Signs and Seasons (1886) ; Sharp Eyes (1888) ; Indoor Studies (1889); Riverhy (1894): A Study (1897): The Light of Day (1900); Squirrels and Other Fur-Bearers (1900). Bur- roughs's work, whether as a critic of literature, as in his works on Walt Whitman, Emerson, and Thoreau, or of religion, as in The Light of Day, most fully reveals the original personality of the man. They are strongly subjective, but they have found an enthusiastic response in a limited circle. In books, as in nature, it is the uncon- ventional that appeals to him, and his own literary quality gains its fascination rather from the acuteness of his observation than from any elaboration in literary expression. He sees so clearly that he makes his reader see the in- dividualized lives of birds, flowers, fishes, and fven insects. Burrouglis is a born naturalist, and his wide reading in English literature has been done with an eye to nature that gives to his similes and descriptive phrases a distinct literary flavor. Here his nearest analogue in Englisli literature is White of Selborne. A collected edition of Burroughs's Works was begun in 1895. BURROUGHS, Marie (1866—). The stage name of Lillie Arrington, an American actress, bom in San Francisco. She made her first ap- pearance in New York, at the Madison Square Theatre, in the part of Gladys in The Rajah. Other early successes were won in Alpine Roses: Partners : and Saints and Sinners. Afterwards she appeared for several seasons with E. S. Wil- lard (q.v. ), in such plays as The Middleman and -Judah. and as Ophelia (1894). In 1894 .she began starring in The Profligate and other pieces. Later she played in The Gadfly with Stuart Robson. and in The Meddler. In 1900 she ap- peared as Guida ]>andresse in The Battle of the Strong. Miss Burroughs is the wife of Robert Barclay MacPhcrson, her second husband, to whom she was married in 1901. Consult Strang, Famous .Actresses of the Day in America (Bos- ton, 1899),
