BUSK. 721 BUST. BUSK, Hans (1815-82). One of the foremost orijiiiuitors of the volunteer movement in Eng- land. He was edueated at King's College, Lon- don, and Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1841 was called to the bar. While an undergraduate he souglit to interest the Government in the establisliment of rille olnbs as a means of na- tional defense. Though discouraged by Lord Melbourne, he formed a ritle ehib at the univer- sity, in 1858 rehabilitated the Victoria Rifles, then the only existing volunteer corps, and fur- thered the enterprise by monographs and lec- tures. He was the first to suggest the advisa- bility of life-ship stations, and equipped at his own expense a model ship. He also assisted in the founding of a school of cookery at South Kensington. His most important publication is The ytn-irs of the World. Their Present State and Future Ca[nibiUties (1859). BUSKIN (of uncertain origin). A kind of half-boot, lacing tight to the leg. The ancient tragic actors wore buskins {cothurni} , often with thick soles, to add to their stature. Hence the buskin is often put for tragedy, as the slipper or sock {soccus, a flat-soled shoe) for comedy. The name is sometimes used by modern writers to de- scribe the hunting boots worn by Diana, and often bv other hunters or liorsemen in ancient art. BUS'RA. See Basra. BUSSA, boos'sii. See Bussang. BUS'SANG. A town of Central Africa, in the British Protectorate of Northern Nigeria (Map: Africa, E :i) . It is situated on an island of the Niger and is surrounded by a wall. Its population is estimated at about 12,00(1. Bus- sang was the scene of Mungo Park's death. BUSSEY, bus'l, Be.n'JAMIJ,- (1757-1842). An American merchant and philantliropist. born in Canton, Mass. He served as a private soldier throughout the Revolutionary War; then began business in Boston, and accunmlated a large fortune, which he bequeathed to Harvard Uni- versity — one-half for the support of the law and divinity school and one-half for the foundation of the Bussey Institute, a school of agriculture and horticulture, for which special object he gave a large farm near Boston. His total bequest was estimated at $350,000. BUSSLER, bus'Ier, Ludwig ( 1838-1900) . A German musical instructor and critic, born in Berlin. He was a pupil of Grell, Dehn, and Wieprecht, was for some time a musical director at Memel, in East Prussia, and later became an instructor in various conservatories in Berlin. In 1883 he was appointed musical critic of the Berlin National-Zcitung. He published a number of text-l)ooks, including Musihalische Klcmcntarlehre (1867; 7th ed., r8!)7); Kontra- punlcl und Fuge im freien Tonsatz (1878); Musikalische Formenlehre (1878; 2d ed., 1804) ; Konipoaitionstehre (2 pts.. 1878-70) •,a.Ueschichte dcr Musik (1882); and a I.exikon der niusik- nlixihin llarmonien (1880). BUSSON, bv'sON', CiiABLES (1822—). A Frencli painter, born at .Montoire, Loir-et-Clier. He was a pupil of Kfmond and l'"ran<;ais, and first exhibited in lS5(i. His lan<lscapes have a poetical charm, and a certain elegance, but they suffer by comparison with the riclier. weightier Barbizon pictures. His "La Chasse au Marais" and "Lea Ruines du Cliateau de Lavardin" are in t)ie Luxembourg. BUSSONE, boHs-so'na, Francesco. See Car- MACiXOLA. BUSSORA, bOTTs'sA-ra. See Basra. BUSSU (l)ns'snr;) PALM (native Brazilian name). {Manicaria saccifera.) A South Ameri- can palm, growing in the tidal swamps of the Amazon. The stem is 10 to 15 feet high, curved or crooked, and deeply ringed. The leaves are simple or undivided, and are the largest of the kind produced by any known palm, being often 30 feet long, and 4 or 5 feet wide. The flower clus- ters are branched, drooping, and the fruit is of an olive color, large, hard, and three-seeded. The leaves make excellent and durable thatch, being split down the midrib, and laid obliquely on the rafters, so that the furrows formed by the veins lie in a nearly vertical direction, and "serve as so many little gutters to carry off the water. The spathe, taken oS entire, is used by the Indians as a bag, or the larger ones are stretched out to make caps. When split, the spathes make a kind of strong, coarse cloth. A second species was formerly reported from Guatemala, but they are probably identical. BUSSY D'AMBOIS, bu'se' daN'bwii'. The title of a play by George Chapman. The date of its first production is placed, on internal evi- dence, in 1004. A sequel, under the title The Revenge of Bussy d'Amboia, appeared in 1613, and an adaptation by D'Urfe in 1691. BUSSY-RABUTIN, bu'se' ra'bu'taN', Roger, Comte de (1618-03). A French soldier and courtier, the author of the Histoire amoureuse des Gaules (16G5). This work is a thinly veiled version of the notorious Court scandals of his own time, and in part, at least, of his own creation. It created a deep sensation and influenced the de- velopment of the realistic novel toward the ficti- tious memoir. Bussy-Rabutin was a relative of Mme. de SSvigne (q.v.), came of an illustrious family, and was educated by the Jesuits. The Histoire was written for private circulation among friends, but was surreptitiously copied and published by the Marchioness de Baunie in Holland with an entirely superfluous kej'. Bussy- Rabutin was arrested (1665), imprisoned for thirteen months in the Bastille, and then exiled to Burgundy, where he spent the remainder of his life in peace. Meanwhile the work grew by un- authorized and more outrageous additions in prose and verse. Bussy's original portion is an airy, graceful, but very realistic picture of a corrupt society, which perhaps no other author could have given. Bussy's Mrmoires, of minor interest, appeared in 1096, and his Lcttres 1607- 1700. BUST (Fr. buste, It. busto, from Med. Lat. bustum, the trunk of the body). In plastic art, the name given to a representation in the round of the head, neck, and breast of the human body. It was a form of sculpture apparently unknown to Egyptian, Assyrian, and other Oriental arts, though the Egyptians of the early Empire made fine portrait heads. As early asthe Si.xth Cen- 1ury B.C. the Greeks made Herime. heads of Hermes or Dionysus, mounted on pillars, and this form, common for the ideal heads of the Sixth an<I Fifth centuries, was used as the favorite form of bust until the Roman period. At this time they were often made ilouble — two
