CAAZAPA. 761 CABANIS. road (Map: Paraguay, F 9). It is the centre of a fertile agricultural region. Population, about 12.000. CAB. See C.VKBIAGE. CABABISCH, kA-bii'bfsli. An Arab tribe in Africa, inhabiting the immense deserts of east- ern Sudan, between Dongola,- Darfur, and Kor- dofan. CABAL' (Fr. cdbale, from cabbala-, on account of its secrecy). The designation of an unpopu- lar English ministry (10(57-73), composed of ClilTord, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale, the initials of whose names coinci- dent ly spelt Cabal. CABALLERO, ku'na-lya'ro. Feenax (1797- 1S77). The jiseudonym of Cecilia Biihl von Faber, a Spanish novelist. She was born in Switzerland and educated in Germany, but in 1813 accompanied her father to Spain, and soon became enthusiastically attached to her adopted country. She was married three times, her last husband being a lawyer named Arrom. Her first novel, La Gaviota, was published in 1849, and was followed by jiiany others, the chief of which are: La faiiiilia Aliareda (1880): Cle meiicia (1S87); and Klia. She also published the first collection ever made of Spanish popular tales and poems, Cucntas y poesius populares an- <laluces (18.59). Her principal novels have been translated into most European languages. CABANATUAN, ka-Ba'na-twan'. A town of l.uzon. Philippines, in the Province of Xueva Ecija. situated K! miles north of San Isidro. It has a telegraph station. Pop., in 1898. 12,000. CABANEL, ka'ba'nel', Alexandre (1823-89). A French historical and portrait painter. He was born at ilontpellier, studied with Pieot. and obtained the Pri.x de Rome in 1843. Ilxtremely popular from the beginning, liejwas the recipient of numerous medals, elected to the Institute in 1863, and made professor in the Acadgmie des Beaux-Arts. As siU'cessor of Ingres at the head of the classical scliool. he was completely aca- demic in his methods — correct in line and compo- sition, indifferent in color, and lacking in feeling. His taste and distinction of style eminently adapted him to portray the nobility, and he be- came the vogue in these circles. Among his sitters were Xapoleon III. and his ministers, but he succeeded best with his portraits of women. Though beautiful in features and distinguished in ap])earance, his portraits lack strength and in- dividuality, and are consequently insipid. Like his historical paintings, they have been very pop- ular in the United States; the Metropolitan Mu- seum, Xew York, has a good example, "Miss Cath- erine Wolfe." His chief historical paintings in- clude "Death of Moses" (Corcoran (lallcrv', Wash- ington) ; "Birth of Venus," reputed his masterpiece ( 1803, Louvre; replica in Metropolitan Museum) ; the "Expulsion from Paradise" (18G7, Maximili- anum. ilunieli) : "Death of Francesea and Paolo" (LouTe) ; and large decorative paintings illus- trating the history of Saint Louis, in the Panthf-on. CABANIS, kli'ba-nes', Jeax Louis (1810—). A German ornithologist, bom in Berlin, and edu- cated at the university there. In 1839-41 he made omithologic researches in Xorth and South Carolina, and in 1849 was appointed custodian of the ornithological collections of the Berlin Zoological Museum, The investigations which had so important an effect in determining a natural system of classification were published by him first (1847) in Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Xuturgeschichte, and more fully in the Museum Hcineunum (4 parts, llalberstadt, 18.50-03). He founded the Jourval fiir Oinithologie in 1853. His other works include the ornithological por- tions of Schomburgk's Jfeixcii in liritisch-Guay- atta (Berlin, 1848), and of von der Decken's Reisen in Ostafrika (Berlin, 1SG9), CABANIS, Pteree Jeax Georges (1757- 1808). -V French physician and philosopher. He was born in Cosnac; studied in Paris, and in the year 1773 went to Warsaw as secretary to a Polish magnate. On his return to Paris, "he was for some time engaged in literars- pursuits, from which he turned his attention to the studv of medicine. During the Revolution, whose "ten- dencies he fully approved, he became the warm friend and physician of ilirabeau. After the death of the latter, in order to refute the charge of having poisoned him, Cabanis pub- lished the Jovrnal de la maladie et dc la moit de Honore de Miraheau (1791). Among the papers of ilirabeau was found an extensive work on pub- lic education in the handwriting of Cabanis. This had been used by Miraheau in his public dis- courses. Cabanis took a leading part in the re- organization of the French schools of medicine and held several professorships in them. He was. one of the Council of Five Hundred, and after- wards a member of the Senate. The contribu- tions of Cabanis to philosophy and science may- be briefly summed up as follows: In the first place, he was the first to demonstrate empirical- ly the reciprocal influence and the ultimate unity of life and mind, a unity which Herbert Spencer presents as the fundamental principle of inductive psychologj'. Further, Cabanis was the first to pro^e that the newly bom living being is not "like a musi<nl instrument which in itself contains neither soiiuds nor harmony," but that it has more or less well-defined instincts and in- clinations; that the form and development of ideas are caused not only by physical agents from without, but also by internal "(visceral) impres- sions — a principle which is at the verj' founda- tion of an important part of psychology. In his ])sychological investigations Cabanis steered clear of metaphysics. Thus he remained strictly within the domain of experiment when inquiring into the origin of psychological impressions and into the influence of age, sex, temperament, disease, diet, climate, etc., on the development of ideas, instincts, and passions. His .scientific views on subjects of this nature have led many to believe that Cabanis was a materialist and "an atheist. It must be borne in mind, however, that when thought is studied in its dependence on the brain, it could not possibly be treated but as a function of that organ. And if Cabanis speaks of the brain from a physiological point of view as assimilating impressions and .secreting thought, just as the stomach digests food, he is not there- fore necessarily a materialist. As a matter of fact, in his metaphysical Lettres sur les causes prcmirres, in which he formulates his dreams of the ultimate nature of the ego. he clearly ex- presses his belief in a spiritual and immortal .soul and in a personal God. The best edition of Cabanis's chief work, the Rapports dn phijsiquc et du moral de I'homme, was published by Piesse
