CABBALA. 765 CABET. enoe, though not so extensive, was most baneful, and checked for a time the progress of rational philosophic thought. BiBUOGRAPHY. Latin translation of the Sefer Jezirah, with five commentaries (Mantua, 1562) ; German translation by Meyer (Leipzig, 1830) ; Knglish translation bv Kalisch (Xew York, 1877). Consult, also: "Xholuck, ^yichtige SteJ- Ifn des rabhiiiischen Biiches Sohar (Berlin, 1824) ; Joel, Die Religionsphilosophie des Sohar (Leipzig, 1849) ; Franck, La Kabbale (Paris, 1843) : Jellinek, Beitriiqe ziir Geschichte der Kabbala (Leipzig, 18r)'l-52) ; Ginsburg, The Kabbala (London, 18(35) ; Kubin, Beidentum und Kabbala (Vienna, 1893) : id., "Kabbala," in Hamburger, /{calcnci/klopadic fur liibcl i(nd Talmud. II. (Strelitz, 1883) ; Bloch, "Die Jiidische Mystik und Kabbala," in Winter and Wunsche. Jiidische Litteratur, Vol. III. (Trier, 1896) ; Wiinsehe, "Kabbala," in Herzog, Real- encyklopiidie fiir protestatitische Theologie viid Kirche, 2d ed., Vol. IX. (Leipzig, 1901) ; Graetz, Geschichte der Juden von den iiltesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenicart (Berlin and Leipzig, 1853-70) ; Jost, GeschicMe des Judentums iind seiner Sekten (T^ipzig, 1857-59) : Cassel, Ge- schichte der jiidischen Litteratur (Berlin, 1872- 73) : L'eberweg, Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophic (8th ed., Berlin, 1896-97) : Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophic (12 vols,, Hamburg, 1829-53) ; Tennemann, Gesrhirhte der Philo- sophic (11 vols.. Leipzig. 179S-1819). CABECA DE VACA, ka-uu'sa da va'ka. See Xr.xEz ( Ai!i;<A ur. Vaca. ALV.i. CABEI'EI, or CABIRI (Lat., Gk, Kafieipoi, Kaheiroi) . Divinities worshiped anciently in many parts of the Greek world — in Leranos, Im- bros, Samothraee, and at cert.iin points on the adjacent coasts of Europe and Asia Minor, as well as in a few other places, as at Thebes in Bceotia. The myth of the Cabeiri is obscure, and variously given by different authors. In Lemnos they were represented as sons of Hephoestus, whose ministers they were and whom they as- sisted at his labors. Being by nature beneficent, they gave the Argonauts a kind welcome when the latter touched at the island. In Samothraee they were honored as the protectors of sailors in time of peril. These Grecian Cabeiri. two, three, or four in number, are said to have been worshiped by the early Pelasgian inhabitants of the Grecian islands, and are to >e distinguished from another group of eight (called Eabirim), which were of Phoenician origin. Among the later Greeks and the Romans the tendency was to identify the two sets, the process of identifica- tion being assisted by the meaning of the word Kabirim (the strong, the powerful, the Greek Cabeiri being also called Qeol luydXoi, Svmrol, Consult: Lobeck, Aglaophamus (KBnigsberg, 1829) ; Schiimann, Griechische Altertiimer, II. (Berlin, 1897) ; Preller, Griechische Mythologie, I. (Berlin, 18941; Welcker, Griechische Giitter- Irhrr. 1., III. (Giittingen, 1857-62) ; Lenorraant, in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des an- liquilfs, I. (Paris, 1892). CA'BELL, James LArBEKCE (1813-89). An .merican physician. He was bom in Nelson County, Va.; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania ; studied medicine there, in Balti- more, Philadelphia, and Paris; and became pro- fessor of anatomy and surgeiy in the University of Virginia. He had charge of the Confederate military hospitals during the Civil War, and subsequently was chairman of the National Sanitary Conference and president of the Na- tional Board of Health. lie published The Testimony of Modern Science to the Unity of Mankind (1858). CA'BER, Tossing the (Gael, cabar, pole). An athletic exercise or feat practiced wherever there are Scottish athletic contests. A beam heavier at one end than the other is held per- pendicularly against the chest, small end down- ward, and tossed so as to fall on the heavy end and turn over, the farthest toss and straightest fall winning. Competitions where the powers of the opponents are unknown are generally started with a caber of 2t or 25 feet, from which the thick end is sawn off by degrees, until the proper length is reached. The usual size is 16 feet long, with ends of 5 and 11 inches diameter respec- tively. CABES, kanj^s, or GABES (anciently, Ta- cape). An important seaport and capital of the Tunisian Province of Arad, situated on the Gulf of Cabfs, on the eastern coast of Tunis (Map: Africa, F 1). The harbor is too shallow for larger vessels, but the trade of the port is nevertheless of considerable importance. The place, which practically consists of several vil- lages, contains an Arabic school and a French garrison, and is the seat of the Governor of the province. The population was 12,600 in 1896. CABES, or GABES, GrLF of. An open gulf of the Mediterranean, on the east coast of Tunis. Its mouth, about 75 miles across, is partly blocked on the extreme south by Jerba Island (-Map: Africa, F 1). The town" of Cabes is at the head of the bay, CABESTAING, kaTifs-taN', CABESTANH, or CABESTAN, Guillaume de, A Provencal poet belonging to the later half of the Twelfth Century. Some of his verses have been published in the collection cf Ravnouard. Consult the study by Hiitfer (Berlin," 1869). CABET, ka'bil', Etiexxe (1788-185(5). A French Communist, bom January 1, 1788, at Dijon. Cabet was a true product of the intel- lectual and social reconstructionists of the era of the Revolution. He was educated as a lawyer, became an efficient Government official as Procureur-Gf'nf'ral in Corsica, representing the Government of Louis Philippe, after having headed an insurrectionary committee and par- ticipated actively in the July Revolution of 1830. In 1831 he took his seat with the extreme Radi- cals in the Chamber of Deputies as representa- tive from Cflte d'Or. His Radicalism and his revolutionary denunciations aroused the active opposition of the Govenunent. which gave him the choice between two years' imprisonment and live years of exile. He chose the latter, and lived in England studying and thinking out his social philosophy, and finally accepting eonunii- nisni as the only solution o'f the problems pre- sented by excessive wealth and excessive poverty side by side in modern society. He retumed to France in 1839, and published Voyage en Icarie, a popular romance, setting forth his new commu- nistic ideas, which won followers by thethotisands and drove its author to take steps to realize his Utopia. In 1841 he revived the Populaire (orig-
