CACAO. 773 CACIQUE. is obtained from it by fermentation and distilla- tion. For illusiiation, see Beverage Plants. CACCIANIGA, kii'olm iu"'-;i. A.ntomo (1823- 1!I03). An Italian autlior. horn at Tieviso. In 1848 he founded in Milan the satiric periodical Lo Spirito FoUetio. After the revolution of 1848 he was for six years in exile, living as a journalist in Paris. Subsequently he was elect- ed mayor (podestil) of Treviso and a Parlia- mentary Deputy. His works include: II pro- scritto (185.3); Bozzctti morali ed cconomici (1S69); La r:ita campestrc (new ed., 1870); and Villa Ortciisia (1876). CACCINI, ka-che'ne, Gimjo (c.lo58-1618). An Italian musician, born in Rome, and often called Giulio Romano for that reason. He learned to sing and to play the lute under Scipione della Palla, and in 1.57S went to Florence, where he spent most of his life. He is said to have been the first to emphasize the importance of musical accompaniment for the voice, and he illustrated the dramatic possibilities of this by accompany- ing himself on the theorbo while he sang a kind of recitation. The experiments of Caccini. Corsi. Bardi, Galilei, and others may fairly l)e called the beginnings of modern opera. He was the composer of Euridice (IGOO), a musical setting of the drama by Rinuccini, Le nuove musiche (1602), group of songs for a single voice; II CI] mbatti men to d'AppoUine col serpente; and parts of several choruses. CACERES, ka'tha-ras (anciently, Lat. Castra (cecilia). A town of Spain, capital of the Province of CSceres, in Estremadura, situated on a river of the same name. 25 miles west of Trujillo, in a rich agricultural district (Map: Spain, B 3). It is famous for its bacon; has manufactures of linen, woolens, leather, hats, soap, etc., and controls a large trade in the pro- duce of the district. Poptilation, in 1897, 15,400. CACERES, AN-DRE.S Avelino (1836—). A Peruvian statesman and soldier. He was born at Ayacucho, in southern Peru, November 10, 1836. At an early age he participated in the rising of Castillo, distinguished himself at the taking of Arequipa, and from 1857 to 1860 was militarv attache to the Peruvian legation at Paris. 'He fought in the Chilean War (1879-83), in which he was raised to the rank of general. After the capture of Lima he became the head of the provisional government. In 1884. in try- ing to dislodge Iglesias, whom the Chileans had set up as President, he w-as repulsed before Lima, but he gathered a larger force, entered the city in the following year, and induced the I'resident to refer the Presidential question to a popular election. The result was favorable to C'i'iceres, who was chosen President and inau- gurated in .June, 1886. In 1890 he was succeeded by Bermudez. and went soon afterwards as Peru- vian Minister to France and Great Britain. Upon the expiration of Bermudez's term of othee, in 1894, the adherents of Cileeres seized the gov- ernment and forced the Congress to choose him President. The party of Pierola took up arms, Lima was I)esieged, and on March 18, 1S95, the city was taken by assault after a murderous fight. In a treaty of peace concluded between the two factions, C.lceres resigned the Presidency, and soon afterwards fled the country. Pierola was elected President in his stead. CACERES, XtEVA. See Xveva C.icERES. CACHALOT, kash'a-lot. See Whaxe. CACHE, kash (Fr., from cacher, to hide). The name given by parties of travelers in unin- habited parts of North America to places for concealing provisions and other articles. Design- ing to return on their tracks, they disburden themselves of what articles can be spared, and, to conceal them from Indians or others, construct places of dejjosit in the wilderness. A hole is dug to a depth of perhaps 6 or 8 feet and several feet broad, and. the articles being interred, the surface replaced with care, and all traces of the excavation obliterated. The situation of the cache is afterwards found by some landmark or other sign. If containing provisions, the cache needs to be made to resist the depredations of animals, hence it is often covered with rocks. Prominently marked caches are built by expedi- tions in the Arctic regions as supply stations, or for the use of distressed mariners. CACHEO, ka-sha'o, or CACHEU. A forti- fied town in Portuguese Guinea, West Africa, situated on the river Cacheo, about 10 miles in- land ( Map : Africa. C 3 ) . It was foimded in 1588 and has an estimated population of 15,000, mostly natives. It has some trade in ivory and gold-dust. CACHEXIA, ka-keks'i-a (Neo-Lat.. Gk. Ka- X^i'i, Cachexia, from nanoi;, kakos, bad + fj'f, hexis, state). A medical term used to denote a general condition of the body resulting from a wasting disease ; a depreciated condition due to disordered nutrition and impoverished blood. Tlie condition is noticeable in the case of persons suf- fering from malaria, cancer, tuberculosis, gout, kidney disease, etc. In the cachexia of kidney dis- ease, for example, the face is thin, pale, and axen, the ears semi-translucent, the lips pallid, the lower eyelids baggj' and dark, the forehead at times swollen with fluid and pitting on pressure, the expression sad. CACHOEIRA, ka-shwfi'e-ra (Portug., water- fall, cataract). A town in Brazil, situated on the Rio Paragiiassu, 62 miles northwest of Bahia, with which it is connected by rail (Map: Brazil, K 6). The tom manufactures tobacco and cigars, the suburb Saint Felix giving its name to the best brand of Brazilian tobacco. It also exports coffee, cotton, and fruits. Popula- tion, about 15.000. CACHOLONG, kash'6 long (probably Cacli. a river of Bokhara, where it was originally found -f Kalmuck chalonr/. stone). An opaque milk- white, sometimes yellow or red. variety of opal. It has a conchoidal fracture and a pearly lustre, in con.sequence of which it is sometimes called pearl opal, or mother-of-pearl opal. It has also been found, associated with chalcedony, in Nova Scotin. on the Bay of Fundy. CACHUCHA, ka-choo'cha (Sp.). An Anda- lusian dance of much grace. Its origin is un- known. It is written in 3-4 time, and resembles Uie bolero (q.v.). The caehucha is usually danced with castanets. It was introduced on the stage by Faimy Elssler, in the ballet of Lc dinhlc boitriix. CACIQUE, k-A'sek'. A title borne by the na- tive princes or chiefs of Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, and Peru, besides other parts of America, at the time of Spanish discovery and exploration. In more recent times the title has been bestowed upon
