CiELIUS. 783 C^SALPINIA. Clodia Quadrantaria, whom he had deserted, ac- cused him of having made an attempt to poison her, and of having borrowed money from her in order to procure the murder of Dion, the Alex- andrian ambassador. Cicero defended him in an oration which is still extant (Cicero, Pro Cwlio). On the outbreak of the Civil War in 49, he sipported Cjesar, who rewarded him bv appointing him to the pra>torship in B.C. 48. Soon afterwards his own enormous debts led him to bring forward a law for the abolition of debts, whereupon he was deprived of his office. He was killed at Thurii while attempting to raise an insurrection in favor of Pompey. Cselius was a friend of Catullus, who addressed two of his poems to him {Cannina. LVIII. and C). CffiLIUS AURELIA'NUS. A Latin medi- cal writer in the Fifth Century a.d., a resident of Sicca in Africa. He translated from the Greek an important work on acute and chronic dis- eases, which is still extant. He was an expo- nent of the 'metliodic' scliool of medicine. CAEN, k;lx (anciently, Lat. Cadomum). The capital of the Department of Calvados, France, formerly the capital of Lower Normandy, situ- ated on the left bank of the Orne, about 9 miles from its mouth and 149 miles west-north- west of Paris (Map: France, F 2). Caen is built in the middle of a fertile plain : its streets are wide and clean; it has several fine squares, and many noble specimens of ancient Norman architecture. Among the best examples are the churches of Saint Etienne, which was founded by William the Conqueror, and which contained liis monument, erected l)y William Rufus, and de- stroyed by the Huguenots in l.")62 ; La Trinite, called also Abbaye aux Dames, foun<led by Jla- tilda, wife of the'Conqueror ; Saint Nicholas, now a cavalry fodder store; Saint Pierre; and Saint Jean. The castle, founded by the Conqueror, and finished by Henry I. of England, was par- tiallv destroyed in 1793. There are a university with 60 professors and 600 students, a museum with a splendid art collection, a public library with over 100,000 volumes, and many other edu- cational and industrial institutions. The city has manufactures of lace, blonde, crape, cutlery, cotton-yarn; breweries, dye-works, wax-bleach- ing, and ship-building yards. Its Angora gloves, made from the unwashed, undyed fur of Angora rabbits, which are reared in the district, are celebrated. (Quarries in the neighborhood pro- duce Caen stone. Trade is facilitated by a mari- time canal connecting the port with the sea, and also by ample railway connections. Population, 1896. 45,380. Consult Delarue, Histoire de Caen (Paris, 1842). CAEN (ka'en or, Fr. pron., kilN) STONE. A soft, light-colored limestone well adapted for plain and carved ornamental work, obtained near Caen, in Xormandy. The quarries have been celebrated since a very early period. The ex- cellence of the stone and the facility of trans- port by sea led to the very extensive use of Caen stone in Enghuid in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries." In 1460 the Abbot of West- minster obtained a license to import Caen stone for the repairs of the monastery. Later it be- came a regular article of importation, and in 1.582 it was rated at the custom-house at 6s. 8d. the ton. Winchester and Canterbury cathedrals, Henry VII.'s chapel at Westminster, and many churches are built of Caen stone, which is still frequently used in England. The quarries are subterraneous, and the stone, in blocks of 8 or 9 feet long and about 2 feet thick, is brought to the surface through vertical shafts. Owing to its porous and soft nature, the stone is unfitted for exterior work in a severe climate like that of the United States. See Limestone. CffiRE, se're. See CERraTEEl. CAERLEON, kar-le'on (Welsh, caer, fortress, castle, town -j- leoii, legion). An ancient town in Monmouthshire, England, on the Usk, two miles northeast of Newport (Map: England, Do). It is the Isca Silurum of the Romans, and is supposed to have been the capital of the Roman Province of Britannia Secunda, now Wales, and the residence of the famous King Arthur. It was the seat of an ancient arcli- bishopric, which was removed to Saint Davids in the Eleventh Century. Many Ronum remains have been discovered in the neighborhood, and a great number of the smaller antiquities have been gathered into a very fine collection in the town museum. Near by is a large amphitheatre; also an artificial mound which has been given the name of King Arthur's Round Table. Popula- tion, in 189l'. 1411: in 1901, 1367. CAERNARVON, kar-nar'von. See Carnar- von. Cai'RULA'RIUS, Michael. The Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059, who com- pleted the breach prepared by Photius between the Latin and Greek churches. He did away with the use of the Latin ritual in many Bul- garian-churches, and in a letter to the Bishop of Trani. Apulia, made formal attack upon Rome. His complaints were bitter restatements of those long previously made, including particularly the use by the Latins of unleavened bread in the sacrament of the l^ord's Supper. In consequence of this letter. Pope Leo IX. sent to Constanti- nople ambassadors wlio were kindly received by the Emperor Constantine Monomachus, but re- sisted by Michael, who later succeeded in in- fluencing the Emperor's attitude. Thereupon the Papal legates deposited on the altar of the Church of Saint Sophia a bull of excommunica- tion, and departed. jMichael continued in power until banislied by the Emperor Isaac Comnenus in 1059. There are extant some decretals of Michael, and Henricus Canisius gives several let- ters in his Antiqua; Leciioncs. Consult Pichler, GesclnclHe der kirchlichen Trennnng zwischen dein Orient und Occident (Munich, 1864). CJES'ALPIN'IA (after the Italian botanist C;esa!(iinus) . A genus of trees of the order Leguminoste, the type of the sub-order Coesal- piiiiea'. This sub-order is characterized by ir- regular flowers, which are not papilionaceous, and contains more than 700 known species. Among the members of the groups many are notable for their purgative properties, as senna (q.v. ) ; some produce eatable fruits, as the tamarind (q.v.), the carob (q.v.). and the West Indian locust- tree (q.v.) ; some yield resinous and bal.samic products, as copaiba (q.v.) and aloes-wood; some produce important dye-woods, as logwood (q.v.); brazilwood (q.v.), and camwood (q.v.); and some are trees of great size, and very valu- able for their timber, as the purplewood (q.v.) and the wallaba trees of (5uiana. No species of the suborder is British, and it generally be-
