CAIKNES. 794 CAIENS. theory, after Mill, ith whom it originated, had abandoned it. Among his other contributions to the science of economics may be mentioned his keen analysis of the subject of cost in production, and of value as affected by the limits of free competition. CAIRNGORM, karn-g6rm'. A brown or yel- low variety of quartz found in the District of Cairngorm, southwest of Banff, Scotland, whence its name. The color was formerly considered due to the presence of a small quantity of iron or manganese oxide, but it is now believed to be caused by some nitrogenous organic compound. Besides Scotland, cairngorm is found in Brazil, Siberia, Spain, and in the United States, near Pike's Peak, Colo., and in Burke and Alexan- der counties, N. C. The yellow variety is some- times called 'false topaz' and "Scotch topaz.' or 'Spanish topaz,' through its lacking the hardness and brilliancj' of the true topaz. In Scotland the cairngorm is cut and used for making brooches, bracelets, pins, etc. CAIRNS, karnz. Hugh MacC.lmont. Earl (1819-85). A British .statesman, born .at Cuttra. County Down, and educated at Trinity College. Dublin. He became a member of the House of Commons for Belfast in 1852, Solicitor-General under Lord Derby in 1858. Attorney-Genfrai in 1866, and Lord Justice of the Court of Appeals in the same year. In 1868 he was Lord High Chancellor in the Disraeli Jlinistry. Upon the return of the Conservative Party to power, in February, 1874, he was reinstated and continued to exercise his official functions until April. 1880. In 1878 he received the title of Viscount Gar- moyle. in the county of Antrim, and Earl ("aims. He was one of the finest Parliamentary orators of recent times; and several of his speeches are justly regarded as masterpieces. CAIRNS, John (1818-92). A Scottish di- vine. He was born at Ayton, Berwickshire, and studied at the universities of Edinburgh ( 1834- 41) and Berlin (1843-44), and at the Presby- terian Secession Hall from 1840 until licensed. He was minister of the United Presbyterian Church, Berwick-on-Tweed, from 1845 to 1876, when he removed to Edinburgh, where, in 1879, he was appointed principal of the Theological College. Among his published writings are the following: Life of John Broini. D.D. (1860); Uiihelief in the Eighteenth Century (1881) ; the articles "Schottland" and "Kirchliche Statistik" in the second edition of Herzog's Realeiu^-yklo- piidie; and the article "Infidelity" in the Hchajf- Eerzog Encyclopwdia.
