CHAXCIS FLIES. 460 CHALDEE MANUSCRIPT. Howard, "is there a more marked example of the co-relation between structure and liabits than oc- curs in this family. . . So that it is possible for an experienced person, on seeing a new spe- cies of chalcis ily, to tell precisely what kind of insect it will lie found parasitic upon." See Howard, The Insect Book (Xew York, 1901): also papers, often illustrated, by J.. O. Howard and Wn;. H. Ashniead. in the publications of the U. S. Department of Agricvilturc. CHALCOCITE. See Coitek. CHALCOGRAPHY, kiil-kog'rA-fi (from Gk. Xa^H, cliulhus, copper + ypaipnv, graphein, to write ) . A modern term used to signify engraving on copper. CHALCONDYLAS, kal - kon'di - las, Deme- TRiu.s (C.1424-C. 1.511). A Greek scholar. He was born in Athens, and after teaching Greek in various cities of Italy, was called by Lorenzo de' Medici to the chair of Greek in Florence (1471), where Pope Leo X. was one of his pupils. After the death of the Prince (1492), he was professor of Greek in Lilian, where he died. Clialcondylas wrote a Greek grammar, entitled Erolcmata lc.1493), and superintended editions of Homer (14S8), of Isoerates (1493), and of the Lexicon of Suidas (1499). Consult Hody. De ilr'rcist II- hislrihttti. edited by .Jebb (London. 1742). CHALCOPYRITE, kal'kS-pI'rit (from Gk. XoKkSs, rhall:us, copper + irvplTijs, piirites, flint, from irSp, pyr, fire ) , commonly called Coppkr Pyuites. a copper-iron sulphide that crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It has a metallic lustre, is of a brass - yellow color, and is often tar- nished or iridescent. It occurs widely dissemi- nated in metallic veins and in the older rocks, frequently with pyrite or iron sulphide, and some- times with nickel and coljalt sulpliide. This mineral occurs in large deposits in Sweden, in the llarz Jlountains, in Bohemia, Hungary, New South Wales, and in South Africa. In the United States it is found quite largely in Colo- rado, Montana, Arizona, Utah, and California, where it frequently carries gold and silver It is also found in Vermont, Tennessee, and North Carolina, and is here mined as a co|)pcr ore. When famished it is sometimes t-alled pcncnrk ore. owing to the iridescent film of brilliant colors with which it becomes coated. CHALD.a:A, kal-de'a. See BABrtONiA. CHALD.5;ANikalde'«n) RITE, CnniSTlANS OF THE, alsc called Svroi-Cjhaldeans, or Syro- Oriextals. . branch of the Nestorians who yeknowledge the Po]>e of Kome. They use the Kastern rite, and are under the Patriarch of Babvlon. They are supposed to number about 30,000. See Xf;sTORiAXS. CHALD.a;ANS (from Lat. Chnhliri, Gk.Xa;i- Sa'iM,Ch(it(hiioi, Heb. Kasdlm, Assyr. Kahli, pos- sibly from Assyr. kashiidii, to conquer). Prop- erly a designation of a Semitic people, whose original home was southeast of Babylonia, on the Persian Gulf, in the Sea Land (Mat Tamti). There was a considerable mmiber of Kaldu States, such as Bit .mnuikani. Bit Dakan. Bit Shilani, Bit Shaali. Bit .dini and Bit Yakin. Of these the most important seems to have been Bit Ya- kin. Honimers theory that Ur (ilughghayar) belonged to the realm of the Kaldu as early as the Third Millennium B.C. is not convincing. It is possible that already the Pashi d^-nasty (B.C. II 39-1000) was Chalda?an. In the case of Mat Tanili (1001^953) and Bit Bazi (983-03), this is quite probable. Adad Xirari III., in 803, re- ceived tribute from Kaldu princes. In 723 Ukinzir, of Bit Amnuikani, consequently a Chal- d;ran. a.sccnded the throne of Bal)ylon. ilardu- kapaliddin ( Mcrn<lach Baladani, ruler of Bit VaUin. made himself King of Babylon in 721, and maintained himself with the aid of Elamites and Arania-ans until 710. In 702, he returned for nine months, but was driven back to Bit Yakin by Sennacluril). In G93-89 another Chal- dican, Mushezib !Marduk, occupied the throne of Babylon. But it was with Xabuapaluzur ( Na- bopolassar) (C.620-G04) and Nabukuderuznr (Nebuchadnezzar), his son ((>04-.')Cil ) . that Chal- da'an princes seated themselves upon this throne who were alile to make Ba!>yIonia a world-power. Nabukuderuzur's son, Amil Marduk (Kvil Mero- dacliK who reigned 5()2-5U0, was overthrown by Nirgal Sharuzur (500-5.'5C), and the son of this usurper, Labashi ilarduk (550), was the last Chakhean king. He was supplanted by a Baby- lonian, Xabunaid fXabonidos), who reigned 555- o3S. The period of foreign conquests and a powerful inner administration had made the terms Chaldican and Babylonian (iractically sy- nonymous with foreigners. Hebrew writers of the postexilic peri^'d speak of the Babylonians as Chalda'ans (Kasdim). In the Second Century ri.c. the term Clialdiran was used by the author of the Book of Daniel as a designation of a class of m.igicians. Concerning the Chahhran language we have no other information than that which may be gleaned from jiroper names. These sug- gest a closer kinship to the BnbyIoni«n than to either .•r.abic or Aramaic, .fter tlie conquest of Babvlon, the native Cliald;ran dialect was no doubt crowded out by Babylonian and Aramaic. The latter was regarded by Daniel not alto- gether erroneously as the "language of the Chal- dienns." Hence Aramaic was called ■Chaldee" by tlerome, and the confusing term has remained in use until recent times. The failure to distin- guish between Babylonians and Chalda'ans has added to this confusiim. The Chaldi. a people related to the modern Georgians of the Caucasus, were called by the old geographers "Pontic Chal- d:vans,' but they were Chaliheans in name only and non-Semitic. (See Chaldiaxs). Consult: Delatlre, "Les Chaldeens." in Revue des questions historir/vcs (Paris, 1896) ; Winckler. I'nicr- suchungen zur altorientaUschen Geschiehte (Leip- zig. 1889) ; Brinton. Prolohislorie Ethnography of Western Asia (Philadelphia. 1S95). CHALDEE (krd'de) MANUSCRIPT. The. A pungent satire, purporting to be the transla- tion of a Chaldee niaimscript newly discovered in tlie Great Library of Paris. It appeared, anonyuKMisIy, in liliickwood's Magazine, October, 1817; but its conception and the first thirty- seven verses of Chapter I. are to be ascribed to .Tames Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, and the rest to Professor .Tohn Wilson ('Christopher Xorth'), and .L G. Loekhart. It ridiculed the powerful Whig party then dominant in Edinburgh, and es|)ecially the Edinburgh Itrririr. which wa* the mouthpiece of that party. .ll literary Edin- burgh of 1817 was brought into it, and it abounded in scathing personalities, many of which are entirely indefensible. It is divided into chapters and verses, and the diction is a parody of that of the Bible.
