CHAM. 466 CHAMBERLAIN. CHAM, shaN (1819-79). The pseudonym of Count Am£uee de Sot, a French caricaturist. He was born in Paris, the son of a peer of France, lie was intended for science, but preferring paint- ing, he studied with Paul Dehiroche and after- wards with Charlet, and developed a talent for the grotesque. Beginning in 1842, he contributed, chiefly to Charivari (the Punch of Paris), an im- mense number of caricatures, and some sketdies, under the signature of 'Cham.' His political car- toons were singularly sharp and ell'eclive. He also produced several vaudevilles. CHAMJEROPS, kam'erops (Lat, from Gk. xa/iaLpof, chamairops, from x"/""'> cliamai, on the ground -H/joi/', rJiop-s, bush). A genus of palms with fan-shaped leaves. It is less exclu- sively tropical than palms are in general, and one species, ChamcErops hvmilis, is the only palm truly indigenous to Europe. It ex- tends as far northward as the neighborhood of Nice. It is sometimes called the palmetto. The flowers are in spathes about G to 8 inches long; the fruit is a three-sided, blackish, spongy drupe, which is eaten, as are also the young shoots. This palm is one of the most tolerant of all palms to cold, and, on that account, is com- monly grown. In its native regions the leaves are much used for thatching, and for making bro(nus, hats, chair-bottoms, etc. They abound in an excellent fibre, which the Arabs mix with camel's hair, and make into tent-covers; cordage and sometimes sail-cloth arc made of it in Spain; it is imported into France, and u.scd for making carpets, under the name of African hair. The French in ^Vlgeria make paper and pasteboard of it; and it is a valuable commercial conuuodity, as a material for paper-making, cordage, uj)- holstery, etc. Other species, sometimes referred to this' genus, abundant in India, China, etc., serve similar purposes, aud deserve attention in connection with pai)er. To this genus is referred also the West Indian palm, which yields the material for chip hats. See Brazilian Grass. Fossil Forms. Several species of the genus Chama}roi)s, recognized by their leaves alone, have been found in the Tertiary deposits of Eu- rope and North America. In former times the genus grew over an area that extended much farther northward tban its present area of dis- tribution docs now — namely, as far as the lati- tude of England and Germany — and the species found show little variation from those living at the present day. See Palm ; Fossil. CHAMALHARI, cha-ni;il'ha-r6. A peak of the liiuiahiyas (q.v.), in northwestern Bhutan (Map: India. E 3). It has an altitude of about 24,000 feet. CHAM'BA. One of the feudatory Punjab States of northern India, between latitudes 32° and 33° 9' N., and longitudes 7.5° 54' and 7fj° 30' E. (Map: India, C 2). Area. 3120 square miles. Population, in USOl, 124.032: in 1901, 128,000. CHAMBERED NAUTLLTJS, The. A noted poem by Oliver Wendell Holmes, published in 1857, in" his Autocrtit of the Breakfast-Table. CHAMBERLAIN, chfim1)er-lin. A city and county scat of l*>rulc County, S. D., 05 miles southeast of Pierre, on the Jlissouri River and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Rail- road. It is in the centre of a fine stock-raising region, and carries on a considerable trade by river. The citv is the seat of a Government Indian school. Population, in 1890, 939; in 1900, 874. CHAMBERLAIN (OF. ehambrelein, cham- berlain. Fr. cltdDibclhin, Sp. cuiiiiirleiiyo. It. eamarlingo, from Med. Lat. camarliiifiii.s; from OlIG. chamarlino, chumarling, chamberlain, from c/iCMHara, (Jer. Kummer, room, from Lat. camera, room, Gk. Ka/idpa, kamara, room with vaulted ceiling; connected with Lat. cainur, crooked, Gk. Kdixirreii', hantptein, to bend, Ir. cam, crooked), LoKU. In Great Britain an officer of state dating from very early times, formerly an inlluential member of the Goverument and still of high standing in the royal household. He indorses the King's answer on petitions and often com- municates his JIajesty's pleasure to Parliament and to the council. He has control over all the olhcers and servants of the royal chambers, ex- cept those of the bedchamber, as well as of all tradesmen connected with the royal house- hold. Cards of admission to the King's drawing- room and other royal functions must be obtained from him. All theatres in towns in which a royal palace is situated require to be licensed by the Lord Chamberlain, and no new play can be performed anywhere without his license. One of the leading members of his staff is the Ex- aminer of Plays, whose duties are to attend to these matters. In accordance with ancient cus- tom, the Lord Chamberlain is still a member of the privy council, but his tenure of ollice de- pends on that of the political party to which he belongs. CHAMBERLAIN, The Lord Great. In Great Britain an liereditary officer of great an- tiquity, and formerly of great importance. He has the government of the palace at Westminster, and, during the sitting of Parliament, has charge of the House of Lords, and issues tickets of ad- mission on the opening or prorogation of Parlia- ment. CHAMBERLAIN, Austen (1863—). An English politician, eldest son of .Joseph Cham- berlain. He was educated at Riigby and at Trin- ity College, Cambridge, and was elected to Par- liament from East Worcestershire. In 1900 he became Financial Secretary to the Treasury; and in 1902, upon the formation of the Balfour Cabi- net, Postmaster-General of the British Post-Office. CHAMBERLAIN, Alexander Francis (1865 — ). A Canadian ethnologist and educator, born at Kenninghall, England. He graduated in 1886 at Toronto University, and from 1886 to 1891 was examiner in modern languages succes- sively at Toronto University, Trinity University, and in the educational department of Ontario Province. He was appointed lecturer on anthro- pology at Clark University in 1802. He is a fellow of the American Association for the .d- vanccment of Science, a member and officer of many learned societies, and in addition to con- tributions to The Journal of American Folk- hore. Modern Language Notes, and other period- icals, has published Report on the Kootenai/ Indians (1892): Language of the Missi.isaga Indians (1892); The Mythology of the Colum- bian Discovery (1893): and The Child and Childhood in Folk-Thought (189C). CHAMBERLAIN, Daniel Henry (1835—). .
American jiolitician. He was born at West
Brookfield, Mass., and was educated at Yale and at the Harvard Law School. In 1804 he entered
