CHANDA. 485 CHANDOGYA. 5tone, and surrounded by a high jiarapot, arc G miles round, from 15 to 20 feet high, and Hanked with rough towers large enough for the heaviest guns. Its archa'ologiial remains, temples, regal tombs, and gigantic monolithic figures are in- teresting. It is well suiiplied with vat«r. Chan- d.a is the terminus of a branch conne<'U<>n of the Bombay Railway, and is noted for it,s great fair of three weeks' duration, held amuially. in April. Population, 17,000. The district contains con- siderable iron and coal deposits. Area, 10,740 square miles. Population, in 1891, 697,600; in nmi. .")S<t.400. CHANDALA, chim-dii'Ia (Skt. camlula). The liiwoi of the impure classes in Hindu ca*te. See Castk. CHANDELEUR (shrin'dc-lm7r') ISLANDS. A grou]i of aluuil liitci'u small islands lying in the Gi»lf of -Mexico from 20 to ,30 miles oil' the east coast of Louisiana, from which main- land they are separated by Chandeleur Sound (Jlap: Louisiana, G 4). A lighthouse on the north end of the most northern island is in latitude 30" 2' X. and longitude 88° 52' W.; it has a fixed white light. CHANDERNAGAR, chun'dernug'er (Skt. cnndniiuininii. city ot the moon, from candra, moon -f- nnyiirit, city). A eity in India with a territory of about .S'i> square miles, belonging to France, situated on the west bank of the Hugli, 21 miles above Calcutta by rail, in latitude 22" 50' X. and longitude 88"" 23' E. (ilap: India, E 4). A former rival to Calcutta in commercial importance, its trade has declined owing to the silting of its river ajiproaches. The poi)ulation, about 2(!.000. includes a French sub-governor with a small military detachment, and a few Europeans and Eurasians, the great bulk being natives. The settlement dates from 1G73. It was taken three times by the English, but was finally restored to France in 1810. CHAND'LER, Charles Frederick (1836—). An American chemist, born at Lancaster, Mass. Ue was educated at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard I'niversity, and at the uni- versities of Giittingen and Berlin. After being director of the chemical department of Union College, Schenectady, X. Y. (1857), he was ap- pointed-professor of chemistry in the Xew York College of Phai-macy (1S5S). " In 1864 he became professor of analytical and applied chemistry in the School of Mines. Columbia University, and in 1876 he was appointed to the chair of chem- istrj- and medical jurisprudence in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1865 he be- came chemist, and in 1873 president, of the Board of Health of the city of Xew York. Ho was made president of the American Chemical As- sociation of the British Society of Chemistry in 1899, and of the Chemist Club in 189!). In as- sociation with his brother. Prof. . H. Chandler, of Lehigh I'niversity, he, in 1870. established the monthly_pubIication entitled Tlip Amrriran C'hemint (1870-77). His numerous papers, most of which are published in the before-mentioned journal and in the annual reports of the Health Department of Xew York, include: fteimrt an II iiirrs for Locomotives ami Boih-r hicnislaiions (1865): Chemislri/ of flas-Lif/hliiifj (1876); Danticrous Kerosene; Lecture on Water (1871) ; Pholo-Mechnniciil Processes (1890): Report on Z>0)ifl<To//.s foimelics (1870): Ke/iort on Petro- leum as an Illuminator (1871) ; Report on the Waters of the Hudson Hirer (1872); Synopsis of Oryanic Chemistry (printed for the class of '65, Union College, Schenectady, 18ti4) ; Manual of Qualitative .Inali/sis (pamphlet, 1873). Among the numerous reforms introduced during the administration of Professor Chandler are the segregation of slaughter-houses and the pas- sage of the Tencmcnt-Ilouse Act, which ])rovides tliat the plans of every tencment-lionse must first be submitted to the Board of Health. CHANDLER, Seth (184.1—). An Ameri- can astronomer, born in Boston, Mass. He was long attached to the Harvard Observatory; was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Astronom- ical Society of London in 1896 "for his deter- mination of the laws of the variations of latitude or movements of the earth's pole, and his re- searches on variable stars, of which he has pre- l)ared a catalogue. He was elected a member of the Xational Academy of Sciences in 1888 and is the inventor of the instrument kno™ as the ahuucantar (q.v.). In 1896 he assumed the edi- torship of the Astronomical Journal. CHANDLER, WiLLi.«i E.ATOiV (1835—). An American i)olilician. He was born in Xew Hamp- shire, and graduated at the Hanard Law School in 1855. He was Speaker of the Xew Hampshire Legislature in 1863-64, was appointed judge-advocate-general of the navy in 1865, and was First Assistant Secretary of the Treasurj' under Secretary MeCullocli from 1865 to 1869. He was Secretary of the Xa^y from 1882 to 1885, and it was during his administration that the building of the modern navy was begim. From ISSl to 1901 he was United States Senator from Xew Hampshire. CHANDLER, Z.chariah (1813-79). An American merchant and politician. He was born at Bedford. X. H., was educated in a common school, and in 1833 removed to Detroit, Mich., where he became a wealthy and i)rosperous dry- goods merchant. He was an active member of the Whig Party, and in 1851 was elected mayor of the city. In 1852 he was nominated for Gov- ernor, but was defeated. He took an active part in the organization of the Republican Party, and in 1857 was sent to the United States .Senate, where he soon becanu' conspicuous as a radical opponent of all schemes for the extension of slavery. When the Civil War broke out he was one of the foremost advocates of a vigorous prosecution of hostilities, and urged that 500.000 volunteers instead of 75,000 be called for at the start. He was reelected to the Senate in 1863 and again in 1869: served as Secretary of the Interior in the Cabinet of President Grant from 1875 to 1877: was chairman of the Repub- lican Xational Committee in 1876. taking an active part in the Presidential campaign: and in February, 1879, was again elected to the Senate, where he soon attracted general attention bv a virulent attack on .Tefferson Davis. He died sud- denly in Chicago, whither he had gone to make a political speech. He was a man of great force and of unusual ailministrative capacity, but ex- cited widespread antasonisni by his radicalism in politics and by his unscrupulousness as a polit- ical manager. CHANDOGYA, chnn'dA-jra. Tn Hindu litrr- .Tturc. fhc name of a Brahmana of the Samaveda, in ten books, of which the eight known in Fumpe
