CALLIMACHUS. CALLIMACHUS (c.310-240 B.C.). A cele- brated Alexaiulrine poet and grammarian. He vas born in Cyrene, of a distinguished family, which traced its ancestry to Battus, the founder of that city. With Aratus of Soli he studied at Athens, and then began teaching at Alexandria, •where he enjoyed the favor of Ptolemy Phila- delphus and his successor, Ptolemy Euergetes. ..^bout B.C. 2G0 he was appointed librarian, and held the office for some twenty years. By his teaching and writing Callimachus exerted a great influence on his time. Among his pupils were some of the most celebrated scholars of the day — Eratosthenes. Aristophanes of Byzan- tium, Apollonius of Rhodes, and others. According to Suidas, he left behind him over 800 books. Of his learned works in prose, the most important were his Tablets (UbaKe!, Pinakes) , in 120 books. This was a great cata- logue of the works contained in the library, the authors arranged according to subject matter and date, with brief observations on the size and genuineness of the works. Through this Cal- limachus became the founder of the critical study of Greek literature. We know. also, of a collection of glosses, of MciiiDrdhiliu CTiroixv-rinaTa, Hypomnemata) , and other minor works. As a poet he won chief distinction through his ele- gies, so that Quintilian calls him clcffiw prin- cipem. His strength lay, however, in his art and learning, not in poetic genius. As an illus- tration of his learning may be named his four books of Causes (Afrio), in elegiac measure, which treated of the founding of cities, the ori- gin of ceremonies, etc. One of the most famous of his elegies was Berenice's Lock (Coma Bere- nices), written B.C. 240, in honor of Queen Berenice, and preserved to us in Catullus's trans- lation, No. 66. Ovid also imitated his Ibis, in which he had attacked his rival, Apollonius Rho- dius. Famous, also, in antiquity, was his idyllic poem Hecate, reminiscences of which are pre- served in Ovid's story of Philemon and Baucis (Met. 8, 610ff.). Some verses of this have re- cently been recovered from a wood tablet found in Eg^-pt. There are extant in a complete state only six hiinns, one of which is in elegiac form, and sixty-four epigrams. These are best edited by Meineke (Berlin, 1861) and Wilaniowitz (Berlin, 1882). For the newly discovered verses of the Hecate, consult: Gomperz, Aits der Hekate des KaUimaehos (Vienna. 189.3) ; Sanimlung Papyrus Er:her::og Hairier. Vol. Y. CALLING THE DIET. The term used in the Scotch criminal law as equivalent to arraign- ment (q.v.), although the forms are different from those followed in an arraignment. In Scotland, excepting in cases of high treason, there is no indictment by grand jury, but a^I prosecutions for the public interest before the High Court of Justiciary, and before the sheriff's court, where the sheriff is sitting with a jury, now proceed on indictment in the name of the lord advocate. Before a prisoner can be tried the charge preferred against him must have been served fifteen days before the trial, with a list of witnesses to be examined against him. and also of the jury panel. He is therefore presumed to know the nature of the charge against him: but if it lie desired by him, or by his counsel, the clerk in the first instance reads the indictment aloud in open court, the same being a formal and 49 CALLIRRHOE. orderly statement of the facts which the prose- cutor is prepared to prove. The prisoner is then called upon to state his objections to the rele- vancy of the facts alleged, and is entitled to have the question of the sufficiency of the indictment disposed of by the court before being called on to plead to the facts. This is equivalent to the demurrer (q.v.) of the English and American criminal law. If the objection is sustained, the prosecution for the time fails, and the prisoner is sent back to jail to await another indictment, un- less the prosecutor chooses to abandon the case against him altogether. See Diet; Indictment; Verdict. CALLI'NXJS (Gk. KaWims, Kallinos) . A Greek poet, born at Ephesus, an elder contem- porary of Archilochus. He lived in the first half of the Seventh Century B.C., and was the first to give Greek elegy a political turn. The remains of his verse urge his fellow-citizens to resist the attacks of the Cimmerians, and to fight bravely in the struggle with ilagnesia. fragments are collected in Bergk, Poetw Lyrici (Ira'ci. II, (Leipzig, 1878). CALLIOPE, kal-ll'o-pe {Gk. KaWidir-n, Kalli- ope, the sweet-voiced). One of the Muses (q.v.). When special functions were assigned to indi- vidual Muses, Calliope was placed over poetry, and in the later schemes she is the presiding goddess of epic poetry. In the later art she is represented with tablets or a roll. In some of the mythographers Calliope appears as the mother of Orpheus or of Linus. CALLIOPE HUMMER. A humming-bird {Stellula Calliope} of the United States west of the Rocky ilountains. The male is metallic green above and wliitish lielow, with reddish fianks, and the short tail dusky; his gorget is white, the feathers tipped with metallic purplish. It is nu- merous and makes its nest upon pine branches near cones, which it is made to resemble. For many interesting facts and pictures illustrative of this bird and its nidification, consult Ridg- way, The Humming-Birds (Smithsonian InstitU; tion, Washington, 1892). See Plate of HuM- jiino-Btro.s. CALLIPrPUS, or CALIP'PUS, of Cyziccs (Gk. KdXXiTTiros, K<illippos). An astronomer of the Fuurtli Century B.C. He discovered the error in the Metonic Cycle (q.v.) of 19 years, and sub- stituted one of 7() years, which he supposed to equal 940 lunar nidiiths and 27.759 days. CAL'LIPYGKOTJS VENUS. A famous statue in the Xational Museum in Naples, .so called from the part of her body at whieli she gazes. It was found in Rome, and is said to be the portrait of a heta>ra. CALLIRRHOE, kalllr'ro-e (Gk. KaXipp6ri, Kallirrhoe) . A fountain in the bed of the llis- sus, near Athens. In early times the name seems to have been given to a fountain near the mar- ket-place, where the tyrant Pisistratus erected his Enneacrounos, or fountain with nine streams. From the fountain in the Ilissus was brought the water for the marriage bath. (2) The town of Edessa (q.v.) also was called Callirrhoe. (3) The wife of Alcma-on, who, yielding to her impor- tunities, obtained from Phegeus the necklace of liannonia and lost his life in the enterprise. CAL'LISTE'IA. See Gbeek Festivals.
