CHKISTIAN UNION. 709 construction, tlie aim of those cluirches gradu- ally became to promote Christian unity and im- dcnominationalism. At the General Council of 1878 a paper defining the position of the organi- zation was ado]>ted which was essentially the same in terms with the declaration of the Chris- tian Connection, and the Christian Union churches became alliliated with that body in 1890. At that time they had, according to the census of 1890, I'M congreg-ations, with 18,214 coninuinicant mcmlKTs, in 17 States. CHRISTIAN VERGIL (translation of Lat. Vergiliiis Christ iaiius] . An epithet given to Marco Girolamo Vida. CHRISTIAN YEAR, The. A religious work by John Keble (1827 J, containing the reflec- tions appropriate for the Sundays and holy days throughout the year. It is marked by deep religious sentiment, love of nature, and domes- tic atlVction. CHRISTIAS, kris'ti-as. See Vida, JIabco GlROI-AMO. CHRISTIE, kris'tl, RicnARi) Coplet (1830- U>01). An English scholar and bibliophile, born at Lenton, Xottinghamshire. He matriculated in 1849 at Lincoln College, Oxford (where began his friendship with Mark Pattison), and afterwards studied for the bar. In 1854 he re- ceived the appointment of professor of history at Owens College, Manchester, recently foimdcd, and later he was given the chairs of political economy and commercial science, and jurispru- dence and law. The last of these appointments he resigned in 1SG9, but his connection with the college, as one of its governors and most inter- ested advisers, lasted until his death. From 1872 to 1893 he was chancellor of the diocese of Manchester. Christie left to Owens College his rare library, containing one of the largest pri- vate collections of editions of Horace (800 vol- umes), as well as his collection of Renaissance literature. As an author his most important book is Etienne Dolet, the ilariyr of the Re- naissance (1S80; rev. ed. 1899), which was translated into French by C. Stryienski (1886), and is worthy to be classed with his friend Pat- tison's Casaubon. Among other works by him are valuable studies of certain Renaissance char- acters. His bibliographical wTitings include: The Marquis de ilorante: His Library and its Catalofiue (1883); Catalogues of the Librarij of theDuc de la TaUicre (188.5) ; Elzevir Bibli- ography (1889); and Chronology of the Early Aldines (189.5). The most notable of his works are collected in the Selected Essays and Papers of Richard Copleii Christie, edited, with a mem- oir, by W. A. Shaw (1902). CHRISTIE, WiLLLiM Hexby INrAHONEY (1845 — ). An Knglish astronomer, born at Woolwich. He received his education at King's College School, London, and at the University of Cam- bridge. In 1870 he was made chief assistant at the Royal Observatory of Greenwich, and in 1880 secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1881 he succeeded Airy as a.stronomer royal. His published works include a Manual of Ele- mentary Astronomy (187.5), and a number of valuable technical papers contributed to scien- tific periodicals. CHRISTINA, kreste'na. Queen of Spain. See Makia Ciiri.stina. CHRISTLIEB. CHRISTINA (1620-89). Queen of Sweden from l(i.{2 to 1654. She was the daughter of the great Gustavus Adolphus, and was born De- cember IS, 1026. She became Queen after the death of her father in the battle of Liitzcn, in 1032. Till 1614 she reigned under a regency headed by the Chancellor Oxenstierna. Distin- guished by the possession of a lively imagina- tion, a good memory, tmconunon intelligence, and remarkable aptitude for serious' study, she received the education of a man rather than that of a woman, and to this may in part be attribut- ed the many eccentricities of her life. Her sub- jects and coiniselors earaestlj' desired her to marry, but the (Jueen's restless spirit would ac- cept no such bond. In 1649 she had her cousin, Charles Gusta is (see Charles X.). declared her successor by the Estates of the realm. Her reign was notable for the patronage of learning and science; but the Queen was too eccentric and cared too little for politics to give that force to the administration which the position of Sweden in Europe at that time, and its own lively inter- nal politics, required. In 1054 Christin.a volun- tarily abdicated in favor of her cousin, resening to herself sudicient revenues, her entire independ- ence, and supreme authority over her suite and household. She embraced Roman Catholicism, and afterwards resided chiefly in Rome and in France, gathering about her a court of brilliant and learned men, and spending much time in literary and scientific pursuits. She covered her- self with infamy by the murder in 1657 at Fon- tainebleau of her grand equerry and favorite, !Monaldeschi. After the death of Charles Gus- tavus in 1660, Christina repaired to Sweden and began to intrigue for the recovery of her throne; but her subjects cut short her pretensions by forcing her to sign another formal act of abdica- tion. She died April 19, 1689. Consult: Geyer, Geschichte SchiPedens, Vol. III. (Hamburg, 1836) ; Archenholtz, Tie de Christine par ellc- meme (Stockholm, 1751) ; Bain, Christina, Queen of Sweden (London, 1889). CHRISTINE DE PISAN, kre'st^n' dc p^'ziix' (1363-1431). A French writer. She wrote some controversial and historical prose, and considerable didactic verse, such as Le chemin de longue estude and the Poeme de la puerile. These works serve the historian as valuable pictures of the state of society in that day. There is an edition of her (Eurres poc- tiques by Roy (1887-92). For her biography, consult RobiufMU (Paris, 1883). CHRIS'TISON, Sir Robert (1797-1882). A Scottish physician. He was born in Edinburgh, studied medicine there, and afterwards went to Paris to study chemistry and toxicology, the latter under the celebrated Orfila. It was in that department of medical science that he later lK>came especially eminent. He was twice presi- dent of the Edinburgh College of Physicians ; was ordinarj' physician to the Queen in Scot- land : was created a baronet on !Mr. Gladstone's recommendation in 1871; and received nuiny other honors. He was best known for his Treat- ise on Poisons (1829). Consult his Life, edited by his sons (Edinburgh and London, 1885-80). CHRISTLIEB, kr.Vsl1.*-p, TiiEonoR (1833-89). A flcniian tlicologian, bom at Birkenfeld, Wiirt- tembcrg. He was educated in Tiibingen. taught in France, and preached in London from 1858
