CINNAMON. 754 CINQUE PORTS. mon which appeared in commerce about 1875 and which has annually increased in importance. Ceylon cinnamon is ycllowisli-brown, has a pecu- liar, fragrant odor and sweetish, aromatic, pun- gent taste. In quality it surpasses the bark ob- tained from the same species grown in other countries, and also that of the other two species imported into America. Cassia cinnamon is red- dish-brown, and has a less delicate taste and odor than the preceding. The Saigon variety, from which the outer bark is not removed, lias a gray or grayish-brown exterior, with whitish blotches, wans, and wrinkles. All three kinds contain a volatile oil (oleum cinnamomil. tannin, sugar and mannit, and are recognized in the I'harnia- copceia of the L'nited States. The oil, which is given in doses of from one to five drops, is credit- ed with aromatic, stomachic, stimulant, and car- minative qualities when taken internally, and with rubefacient pro|U'rties when applied locally. The bark, due to its tannic acid, has some astrin- gent propertie*, and is commonly used to flavor astringent powders and mixtures which do not contain iron. From very early times cinnamon has been used as a spice in many culinary prepa- rations. For illus. see plate Flavoring Plants. CINNAMON-FERN. See Osmuxda. CINNAMON-STONE. The yellow variety of grossularite, or calcium aluminum garnet, called essonilc, or more properly hessoiiile. The best cinnamon-stones come from Ceylon ; but specimens of a good quality have been found in Oxford County, Maine, and elsewhere in the United States, some of which would cut into gems of over a carat in weight. CINQ DA PISTOJA, che'no dii pes-to'ya (originally GriTioxcixo Sinib.ldx) (1270- 1336). An Italian jurist and poet, bom at Pis- toja. He began the study of law there, and then went to Bologna, where his masters were Lam- berto di Ramponi and Franciscus Accursius. On his return, he held a civil position in his native city. Being a partisan of the Ghibelline faction, he became involved in the Guelph and Ghibelline disputes : and as the Guelph faction became tri- umphant, he had to leave Pistoja, and in the course of his travels visited Rome and journeyed in France. When the death of the Emperor Henri' VII. left the Ghibelline cause in an ap- parently hopeless state, he withdrew from party strife, and made law his special study. He received the degree of doctor at Bologna ( 1314), and afterwards taiight jurisprudence at Treviso, Siena, Florence. Perugia, and Naples. He is the author of two books on law. often reprinted, Lcctura in Vodicem Jnstiniani (1483) and Lee- tura in Dipestttm Vctus (1527). Among his pupils were the celebrated Bartolus and .Joannes Andre.T. Cino is l>est remembered now for his friendship with Dante, who speaks of him with enthusiasm in De 'iilti'iri Eloquio. Like Dante, he had an ideal lady, to whom he addressed his sonnet.s^a certain Selvaggia di Vergiolesi; and there is. therefore, significance in his verses com- forting Dante on the loss of Beatrice. Petrarch called him 'Xostro .-Amoroso Messer Cino.' By Carducci he is ranked midway between Caval- canti .and Dant<>. His works were printed in Rome in l.'ioO. The last edition of his poems is that by Bindi and Fanfani. Lr rinir ridollc a miqUor iezione (Pistoja. 1878). Consult : Chiap- pelli, Yita c open giuridiche di Cino da Pistoja (Turin, 1881) ; and Rossetti, Dante and his Cir- cle (London, 1874). CINQ-MARS, saxk'mtir', Henbi Coiffier Kuzi'; u"Kffiat, Marquis de (1020-42). A F'rench nobleman and conspirator, the favorite of Louis XIII. He was the sou of Jlarquis d"Flliat, marshal of France (1.581-1032). Cinq-Mars came to court as a protege of Riclielieu in 103o, receiving a commission in the Royal Guards. In 1037 he became Master of the Robes to the King, and in 103!) was advanced by Richelieu, for political reasons, to the high office of Grand Lquerry of France. Cinq-Mars, however, was not content to be Richelieu's tool, and had ambitions of his own. He distinguished himself before Arras in 1040. and desired a liigli military com- mand. Richelieu would advance him no further and in 1041 Cinq-Mars allied himself with the Orleans faction, and became one of the chief opponents of the Cardinal. In 1042 he acc(nn- panied the King to the siege of Xarbonne, and seemed high in the royal favor; but Richelieu had unearthed particulars of a conspiracy, in which Cinq-Mars was the chief, which included a treaty with .Spain, and after the incriminating documents had been laid before the King. Cinq- Mars and his accomplices were arrested. Gaston dOrlcans saved his own life by confessing and implicating others. Cinq-Mars was imprisoned, tried, and executed with Dc Thou, at Lyons, September 12. 1042. A romantic novel by Alfred de Viguy, Ciuq-ilars, ou uiie conjuration sous Louis XIII., is founded on the alleged relations between the conspirator and Maria de Clonzaga, afterwards Queen of Poland, and there is an opera by Gounod ( 1877) based on the story. An English translation of this work has appeared (Xew York, ISOl). For historical account>. con- sult: Basserie, La conjuration de Cinq-Mars, preface by Alfred MC'zi&res (Paris, 1800) ; and Bazin, Uistoire de France sous Louis XIII. (Paris, 1S40). CINQUECENTO, chen'kwft-chen'tA. An Ital- ian technical term, which has been borrowed by other languages, meaning "five hundred.' and used to designate the art. literature, or any other form of culture flourishing between 1.500 and 1600. Roughly speaking, it is the 'Developed Renaissance.' "Hoch-Renaissance.' 'L'Age d'Or,' from Leonardo da Vinci to Paolo Veronese, though its second half was almost everywhere, cxcejit in Venice, a period of decadence, CINQUEFOIL, siijk'foir. See Potentilla. CINQUE (sink) PORTS (Fr., five ports). The ancient collective name of the five English Channel ports — Sandwich, Dover, Hythe. Rom- ney, and Hastings — which were enfranchised by Edward the Confessor. William the Conqueror subsequently granted them the privileges of an almost independent State, under conunand of a Warden, with a court at Dover Castle, Winchel- sea and Rye were added later. l"p to the reign of Henry VII. . their chief function was the supply of the country's naval contingent. In ' the time of Edward I. they provided fifty-seven fully equipped ships, and frequently extended their powers by equipping piratical expeditions. Dating from the Revolution of ltiS8, their privi- leges were gradtuilly abolished, the Lord War- den's jurisdiction ceasing in 1S35. The appoint- ment of Lord Warden with residence, and the ancient privilege of carrying the canopy over
