CISSAMPELOS. 769 CISTERCIANS. Tlic properties of all are the same. They con- tain a bitter extractive and an alkaloid, pelosine or cissanipcline, said to be identical with be- beerine and bu.xine Pareira brava was intro- duced into European medicine in the latter part ol" the seventeenth century. In Brazil, in addi- tion to its other uses, it is employed as a remedy lor snakebites, a vinous infusion bein^ taken in- ternally, while the bruised leaves are bound over the wound. CISSEY, si'sa', Ernest Loiis Octave C'oi'r- TOT ( 1811-82). A French general. He was bom in I'aris, and was educated at the school of Saint C'yr. Having served with distinction in Algeria and the Crimea, he was promoted in 1863 to be general of a division. He fought in the Franco- German War. and in the contest against the Commune of 1871. After being elected to the National Assemblv (Februarv. 1871). he was Minister of War from 1871 to" 1873 and in 1874- 70. He was elected life Senator in 1875. CIS'SOID (Gk. KiaaociSr/c, kissoeides, like ivy, from niaad^, kissos, ivy + fMof, eidos, shape, form I . An i-y-like curve, first studied by Diocles, about n.c. . 180. The commentary of Diodes sets forth the definition of the cissoid, which in modern notation will be understood from the figure. The ordinates mm', nn' are equidistant from the centre r, and the line Ohi cuts »n' in 1". a point on the cissoid. A more general construction is the following: Draw anv line OR from O to XR, and take RP = OS. Then P will be a point on the curve. The Carte- sian equation of this curve is y^ =:— , and the 2a — X polar equation is r = 2a tan e sin e. (See An.lvtic UKOMET8Y.J Tile curve passes through the points (a, a) and (a, — a), is synnnetric with respect to the X-axis, and lies between the Y- axis (a;=:0) and the asymptote XR, whose equa- tion is j; = 2a ; the origin is a cusp of the first species. (See CuK-i:s.) Huygens expressed the length of an are of this curve limited by any two points (rectified it) in 10.51. The area "of the space included between the two branches and their asymptote was first given by Ferniat ( 1001) ; it is equal to three times the area of the generating circle. If, inst<'ad of the circle, any other curve is taken as the generatrix, the result- ing curve is called cissoidal. The cissoid is the l)edal (see Curves) of a jjarabola with respect to the vertex. This curve has been u.sed in solving two famous problems of antiquity — the construc- tion of two geometric means between two seg- ments, and the duplication of the cube (q.v.). I onsult: Klein. ortru(ie iihcr aunyeirdhltc Fragen dcr Elementargcomclric (Leipzig, 1895); trans- lated by Beman and Smith, Famous Problems of Eleincniary Oeometry (Boston, 1894); Gow, llmtory of Greek Mathematics (Cambridge, 1884). CIST, Henry Martvn (1839—). An Ameri- can lawyer and soldier, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1858 he graduated at Farmer's (afterwards known as Belmont) College. He becatne a mem- ber of the Sixth Ohio Volunteers upon the out- break of the Civil War, and advanced to the rank of assistant adjutant in the Department of the Cumberland, in which capacity he was attached to the start' of Generals Rosecrans and Thomas. He was corresponding secretary of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland from 1869 to 1892. In addition to twenty annual reports of the so- ciety, and numerous articles in periodicals, he wrote Life of General Georye TI. Thomas (in col- laboration with Donn Piatt) and The Army of the Cumberland (1882). CIST-BTJRIAL (Welsh cist, from Lat. cista, Gk. Klarri, kiste, chest). A mode of disposing of the dead among various peoples, chief among whom are certain American aborigines. A cell or box of stone slabs was placed in a shal- low' grave, and in this the remains were placed, usually folded into the smallest possible compass, sometimes denuded of flesh, together with the mortuary sacrifices; over these a broad slab was laid, and earth was spread above, sometimes in a mound. See Archeology, American; Man, Science of; Mortuary Customs. CISTER'CIANS. A branch of the Benedic- tine (q.v.) Order; also known as Bernardines, from their most famous member. It takes its name from the mother house of Citeaux (Lat. Cister- cium), near Dijon, which was founded in 1098 by Saint Robert, Abbot of Molesme. He trans- ferred twenty of his most zealous monks from the latter house, on account of the unhealth- fulness of its site, and established a small and p(jor monastery at Citeaux. (The present build- ing dates from the eighteenth century; it was confiscated at the Revolution, but recovered to pi(ms uses in 1840, since when it has been used as a reformatory.) Robert's successor, Alberie, obtained from Pope Paschal II. a confirmation of the new foundation, and drew up statutes which insisted on a strict observance of the Benedictine rule. A brown habit was at first worn ; soon, however, j)erhaps to mark a contrast with the Cluniac Congiegation. this was changed to white, with a brown, and later a black scapu- lar. Alberie died in 1109, and was .succeeded by Stephen Harding, an Englishman. He pressed the rule of poverty to the utmost, applying it to the community as much as to the individual members. This extreme strictness diminished the number of postulants, so that the future looked miproMiisiiig, when in 1112 Saint Bernard (q.v,), with thirty companions, joined the struggling
