CODEX. 109 COD-LIVER OIL. Some of the most important of the former are noted in the article on the Xew Testament text. (See Bible.) About .v.u. 200 the lotlex form began to supplant tlie roll form. The ear- lier codiees appear to have been larjj;cr than the later ones. It was perhaps in imitation of the appearance of the open roll, with its several parallel columns of reading nialter, that the early codices were written with three or even four columns on a page. Later it was more usual to write but two, and tinally but one. Co- dices were of either paper or parchment — of various grades — the latter being always the more common. The oldest codices were written in uncial script — that is. in semi-capitals; the let- ters being, as a rule, separate from each other. They are without word-divisions, punctuation, breathings, or accents. The separate books have only the simplest titles. In the lifth and sixth centuries the text ^^■as broken up into large sec- tions beginning with large capital letters, ac- cents and breathings were introduced, the titles enlarged, and more or less of introductory mat- ter added. Some slight attempts at decoration were also indulged in. Late uncial codices, from the seventh to the tenth century, were frequent- ly elaborately decorated with the parchment colored jjurple and the text written in gold or silver letters — e.g. the Codex Rossanensis. In the monasteries of the Middle Ages decorated or illuminated manuscripts were manufactured in large numbers. In the tenth century the uncial liand gave way to the cursive or rimning hand. Codices so written are called minuscules, , in distinction from the majuscules or uncials. For other particulars, see Bible: Book; Pale- ography; Textual Ckiticism. Consult: F. H. A. Scrivener, Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the Veiv Testament (London, 1894); Gregory, Textkrilik des neuen Testaments (Leipzig, 1900) ; Birt, Das antike Buchicesen (Berlin, 1882); Wattenbach, Falii- ogruphic (Leipzig, 1877-78). CO'DI.a;'UM:. See Crotox. CODICIL (Lat. codicillus, little book or writ- ing, dim. of codex, code). A supplement to a will, whereby anything omitted is added, or any- thing in the body of the will is revoked or ex- plained or changed, as to provide for altered circumstances of the testator or beneficiaries. A codicil is authenticated or executed in the same manner as the will, and is considered a part of the will. There may be as many codicils to a will as a testator cares to make, and where a provision in a codicil is inconsistent with a provision in a will, the provision in the codicil governs, as the purpose of making the codicil is to express the testator's latest wishes as to the disposition of his property after his death. By the Roman and early English law a codicil was an informal will, made without the appointment of executors, which was considered necessary in a valid will; hut the term is no longer used in this sense. See Will, and tlie authorities there cited. CODIFICATION. See Code. CODLING. A squirrel-hake (see Hake), or some otlier species of the genus Phycis. CODLING MOTH. A small tortricid moth (Carijocujis/i punionrUa) , the most serious pest of the apple (q.v.). The females, issue from their cocoons in the spring and lay their eggs in the early evening upon the upper sides of the leaves and occasion;illy upon the forming fruit. The eggs hatch in about eleven days, and the young larvie penetrate the fruit usually by way of the ciilyx. In about twenty days they reach full growth, leave the fruit, crawl to a twig and thence down on the trunk of the tree, where they spin their cocoons and transform to pupie. The moths issue in two weeks. The moth has a wing e])anse of less than three-fourths of ;in inch. The general color is grayish brown with coppery uictallic markings. It lays eggs for ;i second gen- eration usually upon the fruit, and hibernates in the cocoon. The best remedy consists in spraying with an ar.senical mixture such as Paris green or arsenate of lead. Two sprayings in the early ]iart of the season are advised; one a few days after the blossoms have fallen and the other two weeks later. If necessary, sid)sc(|uent sprayings are made. The banding of the trees with bag- ging aft'ords the larva' convenient places for transforming. The bands are examined from time to time and the cocoons <lestroyed. Con- sult Simpson, The CodUnij Moth. Bulletin Xo. 4. new series. Division of Kntomology, l'iited States Department of Agriculture (Washington, 1 908 I . COD-LIVER OIL (Oleum Morrhuw, or Oleum Jecoris Aselli) . One of the most valuable thera- peutic agents at the ilisposal of the medical practitioner. It is a pale-yellow fixed oil, ob- tained from the livers of the cod (Gudus callarias) and of other related species of fish that are caught in the northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Cod-liver oil is a better food and is more rapidly absorbed than any other oil ; its value as a food is due mainly to its being much more readily oxidized than other oils. The bene- fit derived from it in disease associated with loss of flesh cannot be overestimated. It is given in tuberculosis, in rickets, in tertiary syphilis, in chronic bronchitis, chronic eczema, in many nervous diseases, in general feebleness, etc. It should, however, be administered with some cau- tion, and in moderate quantities, larger doses being liable to cause sickness and diarrhtea. In those cases in which the oil is rejected by the stomach, it may be rubbed into the skin, through which it is readily and certainly absorbed; this treatment is, of course, disagreeable on account of the nauseating smell of the oil. The taste of the oil may be masked to some extent by tak- ing it in coflee or in whisky, or by adding to a dose of the oil a few drops of ether and ;> drop of oil of peppermint. The taste is completely abolished by taking the oil in soft gelatin cap- sules now prepared by many manufacturing houses: after remaining in such capsules for some time, the oil turns rather d.'irk. but does not seem to be thereby deteriorated. Cod-liver oil is often taken in the form of emulsions. An emulsion recommended by many medical men contains, besides cod-liver oil. the yolk of an egg. powdered tragacanth. elixir of saecluirin, sodimu bicarbonate, tincture of benzoin, oil of bitter almonds, chloroform, alcohol, and water. With malt extract, too, eod-liver oil makes an excellent emulsion. The conunon dose of the pure oil is from a dessertspoonful to a table- spoonful three times a day. ilAXUF.^CTiRE. In preparing the oil for medicinal purposes, only perfectly healthy livers should be used, and the green-colored (or spot-
