COLLECT. 143 COLLEGE. immediately precedes) with the season of the Church year. Such prayers are found in all the earlier Christian litureies, and most of those now used come from the sacranientaries of Saint Leo, Gelasius, and Saint Gregory. The name (wliich, however, does not occur in the Roman missal, where the word oratio, prayer, is used) is also of great antiquity. It proltably conies from collecta, in the sense of collrclio, a gather- ing, the prayer being originally designated orirtio ud collcclnm. In the oldest liturgies only a sin- gle collect was nsed, but with the growth of the calendar it became customary to "commemorate' a festival which was displaced by one of greater importance with the use of its collect; the sacred number of seven, however, might never be ex- ceeded. In the Roman missal two other prayers, the sccrcta and the commiinio, are of similar structure to that of the collect, and, like' it, vary with the day. These were not retained in the Anglican prayer-book, which has almost literal translations of the Latin collects for nearly all its services. In the morning and evening ]irayer of this book, as in all the offices of the Roman breviary except prime and compline, the collect for the day is repeated, to link the other offices with the eucharistie service. The structure of the collect is simple and uniform. It begins with a form of address nearly always to God the Father, generally including a commemoration of the special event celebrated, then offers as a rule a single petition for some grace or blessing, and ends normally 'tlirough Jesus Christ our Lord, who with Thee and the Holy Ghost livetli and reigneth, one God, world without end.' COLLECT, The, or COLLECT POND. For- merly a large pond in the city of New York, part of whose site is now occupied by the Tombs prison. It drained the district later known as the Five Points, and discharged into the Hudson River by a channel through the present Canal Street. The name 'Collect' was a corruption of the Dutch 'Kolch Hoek,' meaning 'shell point' (Fiske, Diitcli and Quaker Colonics, 1899). COL'LECTA'NEA (Lat. noni. pi., collected, sc. dicta, sayings). A name given to literary collections of any description, as, for instance, sayings of noted men. aphorisms, jests, miscel- laneous anthologies, and ehrestomathies. COLLECT'IVISM (Fr. collectivisme, from coUcctcr, ilL. coUectare, to collect, from Lat. coUect(t, collection, assembly, from coUigere, to collect, from con-, together -f- ler/cre, to gather). A scheme for economic reform which Avould. in ]dace of the competitive system of to-day, based on the individual ownership and control of the means of production, transportation, and distri- bution, substitute an arrangement by which all or part of these functions would be undertaken systematically by collective action. Generalh', the organization proposed for this collective un- dertaking is the city or State; and in such a case Collectivism is synonymous with State So- cialism. The advocates of Collectivism main- tain that competition, which is wasteful and self-destructive, should give way to conscious co- operation ; they point to the present public man- agement of the postal system as an example of Collectivism, and urge the application of the same method to the production, transportation, and distribution of all the necessaries of life. COL'LEEN BAWN, The (Ir. cailin, girl, dim. of vuilc, girl, and Ir. hahhun, Gael, hahhunn, bawn, inclosnre of a castle, barn-yard), or The Brides of Garky-Owex. A ])lay by Uion liou- cicault, produced Septembtr 10, 18G0, based on Griffin's The VoUeyiiins. It was republished in the form of a novel in 18G1. COLLEGE (Fr. colUgc, Lat. coUc<jium, as- sembly, from coUcifd, associate, from con-, with + legare, to send on an embassy, from lex, law, connected with Icr/ere, AS. licyan, Ger. liegen, Engl, lie, Gk. X^x<". leclios, couch ) . In its early Roman use, 'college' signified any association of persons having a common ])urpose or jierforining a specific function. In some rcsjiccts it was synonymous with corpus, a corporation or body of members, with unircrsita.s. a whole as con- trasted with its parts, and with socidtts, a part- nership. The Roman college was required to be incorporated by public authority, could possess common property, and could sue or be sued in the name of its manager. Many of these col- leges were mercantile in character or were organ- izations of artisans similar to the mediieval guilds; but there were others having religious or political objects, such as the college of augurs, pontiflfs, etc. In modern usage the term has similar applications, as college of cardinals, col- lege of bishops, college of presidential electors, etc. It is also, especially in Great Britain, ap- plied to associations of scientific or literary pur- poses, such as College of Physicians, College of Surgeons, College of Heraldry. In educational usage the term 'college' com- monly indicates a stage of instruction inter- mediate between the high school or preparatory school and the university; but there are some noteworthy exceptions, especially the Coll&ge de France in Paris. The word 'college' in this sense is nearly equivalent to lycee and gv'innasium. The early colleges grew out of the monastic care of the indigent, sick, and feeble, and were at first, in connection with hospitia, established by the various orders. In 1180 a foundation for eighteen 'scholar-clerks' was made in the 'Hospi- tal of the Blessed IMary of Paris.' commonly known as the Hotel-Dieu. Other foundations devoted solely to this purpose soon followed. During the same period it was customary for groups of students to organize for tlie purpose of renting rooms, providing board, etc. Such organizations were self-governing, though ordi- narily, and soon by compulsion, their governors were masters in the university. Sometimes, too, as at Bologna, alien needy students had national boarding-houses under this name, as the College of Spain, etc. L'nder the inlluence of the men- dicant orders and the example of Robert de Sor- bonne, who about 12.5.5 founded the college which bears his name for students who had already taken the earlier degree, colleges became more numerous, assumed the teaching function within their own walls, and tended to become coex- tensive with the university. In time, both in Paris and in the English universities, every mem- ber of the university had to attach hiniself to some college, and every person admitted to a college had to matriculate at the university. In this way the colleges became the constituent members of the university, supporting not only the students and fellows, but the professors as well. For a more detailed account, see Cam-
