COLLOIDS. 153 COLMAN. adding to them a leitaiu amount of agar-agar or some otlior colloid, and causing them to 'gel- atinize,' the 'dry' solutions thus obtained show- ing precisely the same rates of diiTusion as ordinary aqueous solutions. Another important ]iroperty of colloids is their incapacity ol' traversing parchment paper and animal meniliranes. This permits of the separation of colloids from non-colloids (called 'crystalloids') without any difficulty; the l)rocess of separation being known as dialysis. Thus, to dialyze a solution containing common salt (a crystalloid) and silicic acid (a colloid), the solution may be jdaccd in a bag of parch- ment paper and inuncrsed in jnire water: the salt will then readily pass through the pa2)er, vhile the silicic acid will remain behind. The properties of colloids are undoubtedly due to the comparatively very large size of their molecules. Thus, while the molecular weight of water is only 18, and that of most organic sub- stances only a few hundred, the molecular weight of starch has been shown to be about 25,000, and that of silicic acid is at least 50,000. COLLOPH'ANITE (from Gk. KoWa, kolla, glue + (jia^vuv, /iliiiiiieiit, to show). Amorphous hjdrated calcium pliosphate. It has a banded structure, resenil)ling opal, and a conchoidal frac- ture. In color it is snow-white or yellowish- white. This mineral is found chiefly on the island of Sombrero, having been formed in the elevated coral reef by infiltration of salts from the overlying guano. COLLOP MONDAY. An old English term used to designate the ilonday before Lent, from the custom of those days (when fasting was much stricter than at present) of cutting meat into strips or collops and salting it to keep imtil Lent was over. COLLOT D'HERBOIS, ko'Io' darbwa'. Jean M.^HLE ( 17.50-'.i(>) . A French Revolutionist. He was born in Paris, and passed his early life as an actor. After visiting Holland and acting as the director of a troupe at Geneva. d'Herbois took to play-writing, ilost of his productions were adaptations from English and Spanish, and one, Le paijsaii iniuiialrat (1777), was popular for a time. In 178!l d'Herbois, who was then living in Paris, wrote La famiUe imtriotc on la federation, a revolutionary dranur. and followed up this success by bringing out the Ahnaiiach da Pcre Gerard, for which he was awarded a prize by the .Jacobin Club. Elected as the third deputyfroni Paris to the Convention in 1792. he became, in the f(dk)wing year, jjresident of that body, and a member of the Committee of Public Safety. In Xovembcr, 1703. he was sent to Lyons to complete the work of pacification begun by Couthon. There he showed himself merciless in the service of the Republic, and caused 1000 persons to be put to death. On returning to Paris he found himself, owing to his popularity, an object of suspicion to Roliespicrrc. and. after an attempt to assassinate him had failed, Robes- pierre's jealousy increased. C'ollot d'Herbois took part in the conspiracy which led to Robes- pierre's downfall, but the reaction was fatal to himself. He was expelled from the National Convention, and in April, 1705, was sentenced to deportation to Cayenne, where he died of fever, .January S. 1796. Consult: Aulard, Les orateurs de la Legislative ct de la Convention (Paris, 1885-80); Morse-Stephens, The French livrolutioH (London, 1801), and statesmen and Orators of the Freneh Itcvolulioii (O.ford, 1802). COLLUSION (Lat. collusio, from colludere ; to defraud, to ))lay together, from eon-, together + ludeie, to play). In law, a s])ecies of fraud (q.v. ), and consisting in an agreement between t«o or more persons to defraiul a third, or to accomplish some illegal purpose; thus, it is col- lusion for a failing debtor to transfer property to another, who receives it to enable him to defraud some or all of his creditors; or for hus- l)and and wife, by nuitual agreement or iinder- standing, to institute a suit to procire a divorce without legal cause. Such transactions or pro- ceedings are voidable because of their fraudulent character. COLLU'THUS (Lat., from Gk. K6XXou#os, Kolloitllios) . A Greek poet of the fifth centviry; a native of Lyeopolis in Upper Egypt. He is believed to have been the author of a poem in 302 verses, entitled, 'Epris 'ApiraX-^. Helencs Ear- pule, or the Rape of Helen, which was discovered l>y Cardinal Bessarion, in Calabria. The text has been edited by Lehrs, in the Didot collection (1841). No other of his poems is extant. COLL'YEE, RofiEUT (182.3—). An American clergyman of the Unitarian Church. He was born at Keighley, Yorkshire. England; at eight years of age he was a mill-hand; at fourteen, a blacksmith ; and in 1840 became a local preacher of the llethodist Church, In 1850 he came to America and began work as a hammer-maker, at Shoemakertown, Pa. At the same time he continued to officiate as a local preacher. In 1850 he formally joined the Unitarian Church, in the same year went to Chicago as a mission- ary of that denomination, and shortly after organized and became pastor of L'nity Church, He was called in 1870 to assume charge of the Church of the Jlessiah, New York City, of vhich, after a long and successful active pasto- rate, he became senior associate minister. His publications include two volumes of sennons, yatnre and Life (1805; 11th ed., 1882) and The Life that Xow is (1871; 10th ed., 1882), written in a style noteworthy for its effective use of an Anglo-Saxon vocabularv. The Single Truth (1877), History of llhleij (1883; with Horscfall Turner), and Things yew and Old (1803), may also be mentioned. COLMAN, koKmon, Ben.7.4Mix (1073-1747). An American Congregational clergv-man, promi- nent in the Colonial period. He was born in lioston. graduated at Harvard in 1602, preached and studied theology for three years, and spent the years 1695-99 in England, After his return he became first pastor of the newly organized Brattle Street Church, a position which he filled imtil his death. He exercised a great influence both in religious and .secular affairs, and, in s|iite of his slightly heterodo.x views, was widely [Kipular as a preacher. In 1724 he refused the jiresidency of Harvard College. Besides a collec- tion of sermons, in three volumes (1707-22), he piiblished a number of poems and a pamphlet ad- vocating inoculation for the smallpox. Consult Turell. Life and Character of Benjamin Colman (Boston. 1749). COLMAN, George, called The Elder (1732- 94.) An English dramatic author and theatrical
