ribbings of arch and vault. The column continued to reign, however, in nearly all other eases. There were ^o longer any orders or re- ceived canons of proportion. All natural forms of foliage and tlowei-s, all known geometric and formal patterns were used in the capitals: the Ionic base, while used as the norm, was infinitely varied: the shafts were hardly ever channeled: sometimes they were monoliths, sometimes built up. Only in such Italian provinces as Rome and Tuscany did much of the old classic design sur- vive. Certain variations in the shafts, such as twisted, spiral, knotted, foliated shafts, of which glimpses had been seen in the Roman and Byzan- tine periods, became common in the Middle Ages, and appear especially in subordinate structures, such as cloisters (q. v.).
The originators of the Renaissance style vacil- lated for a while. Brunelleschi, its fovmder, used the column in his two principal churclies, Imt though it v.as retained in palace courts and cloisters, it was almost immediately and finally displaced by the pier — a heavier pier than the Gothic. The column became largely a decorative feature, and was used freely, engaged in piers and walls. The Neo-Classie stj'le employed the column on a grand scale in facades resembling the Pantheon, on exteriors copied from Greek peripteral temples, and in colonnades resembling tlie old basilicas. In modern architecture the column jilays but a very subordinate role, either constructive or decorative. Consult, in general: Ruskin, Hfoiies of Tenice, vol. i. (London, 1853); Longfellow, The Column and the Arch (New York, 1899) ; Gwilt, Encyclopcedia of Architecture (London, 1899). For the classic orders, see Vitruvius, De Architectura Libri (translated by Gwilt, London, 1820) ; Biitticher, Die Tcchtonik der HeUenen (Berlin, 1874-81); Btililmann, Die Haulenordniinfien (Stuttgart, 189.3). For the Romanesque and Gothic column, see Dehio and Von Bezold, Die kirchlichc Jiau- knnst des Abendlnndes (Stuttgart, 1887-94).
COLUMN. As defined by the United States
Infant)!/ Drill Regulations, a military formation
in which the elements are placed one behind an-
other, whether these elements are files, fours,
platoons, or larger bodies. When a regiment is
on the march, and each company marching in
colun n of fours, it is said to be 'in column of
rout?.' The same formation may be adopted by
any number of troops in a command. When the
science of war was in its infancy, dense column
formations were the usual order of battle, much
reliance being placed upon it by every European
nation except England, Avho invariably preferred
its opposite, the 'line' formation. See Tactics,
Military; Marching; Advance Guard; Army
Organization; Rear-Guard. The composition
and operation of a column of ships in naval war-
fare or manoeuvres will be found treated under
Tactics. X.wal.
COLUM'NA ROSTRA'TA. A column set
up in the Roman Forum to commemorate the
naval victory of Gaius Duilius over the Cartha-
ginians in B.C. 260. It was of marble, adorned
with the prows of the captured ships. The column
having been destroyed by lightning, a new column
was erected by Claudius, with an inscription now
l)reserved in the Conservatori Palace.
COLUMN OF JULY. See July, Column of.
COLUMN OF MAR'CUS AURE'LIUS. See
ANTO.M.NK ( 'OI.IM.N.
COLUMN OF PHO'CAS. See Phocas,
Coi.riiN OK.
COLUMN OF SAINT MARK. See Venice.
COLUMN OF TRAJAN. See Trajan's Column.
COLUMNS OF HER'CULES. See Hercules, Pillars of.
COLUMN VENDOME, viiN'don/. See Ven-DOME, Place.
COLVILLE, kol'vil (from the town of Col-
rille, Wash.). A former imjiortant Salislian peo-
ple, calling themselves Shwoyelpi, originally occu-
pying the country on Coluraliia River aboit Col-
ville and Kettle rivers, northeastern Wasliington.
The great salmon-fishing resort of Kettle Falls
was within their territory, and here, in 1846,
was established the Jesuit mission of St. Paul,
through the influence of which nearly all the
upper Columbia tribes are now Christianized.
They were put upon a reservation (Colville) in
1872, and have since rapidlv decreased, having
dwindled from 010, in 1870, to 298, in 1900.
COLVIN, kol'vin, Sidney (184,'")—). An Eng-
lish author, born at Norwood, Surrey. He grad-
uated in ISO" at Trinity College, Cambridge,
was elected a fellow, of the college in 1868, and,
having become Slade professor of fine arts at
Cambridge, in 187.3, held that post by successive
reelections until 1885. In 1870-84 he was also
director of the Fitzwilliam Museum of the uni-
versity. He was apjjointed keeper of prints and
drawings in the British ilnseum in 1884. His
contributions to periodicals on the history and
criticism of literature, and more largely of the
fine arts, are numerous and valuable. His pub-
lished works include the volumes on Walter
l^avage Lander (1881) and John Keats (1887)'
in the "English Men of Letters" series; A Flor-
entine Picture and Chronicle (1898) ; The Early
History of Engraving in England (1901); and
editions of Selections from the Writings of Walter
Savage Landor (1882; in the "Golden Treasury"
series), of the Letters of Keats (1887), and of
the Papers of Fleeming Jenkin. ( 1887 ; with J. A.
Ewing). His labors in connection with the prep-
aration of the standard Edinburgh edition (27
volumes, 1894-98) of the works, and the edition
of the collected Letters (2 volumes, London,
1000; preceded in 1895 by Vailima Letters)
of his friend, Robert Louis Stevenson, made him
an authority on that author. He also wrote the
sketch of Stevenson for the Dictionary of Na-
tional Biography (vol. liv. ), and was to have
written the authoritative Life, intended for pub-
lication simultaneously with the Ijctters, but
was obliged to relinquish the task to CJrahani
Balfour.
COL'WELL, Stephen (1800-72). An American author and philanthropist, born in Brooke County, West Va. He graduated at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1819; was admitted to the bar of Virginia in 1821; and practiced in Pittsburg until 1831, when he engaged in the iron business in Philadelphia, and began writing for the press,
particularly on questions of politics and social science. He gathered a large library, which he left to the University of Pennsylvania, where he also endowed a chair in social science. During the Civil War he was an active Supporter of the
