CONCOKDAT. 252 CONCOBDIA. difficulty be dissociated. Concordats may be flamed either in the form of a treaty, to which both the contracting powers are consenting par- ties, or enacted by proclamation issued only by one party, most commonly by the Pope, embody- ing in the fonii of a decree the regulations result- ing from the terms of agreement previously arrived at. The difl'erence is only in form. It is a settled doctrine of Roman Catholic canon- ists, and especially of those of the Ultramon- tane (q.v. ) school, that the Pope never abso- lutely cedes purely spiritual powers. Thus, in the presentation to bishopries, while the King 'nominated' or 'elected,' the Pope always re- served to himself the power of 'canonical insti- tution.' There have been many famous con- cordats, of which the following are the most important: (1) Concordats with Germany. — ■ The well-known Concordat of Worms in 1122, respecting investitures, is commonly regarded as the first concordat strictly so called. Similar agreements took place on the question of the Regalia (q.v.), between the Roman See and the emperors Otho IV.. Frederick II.. and Rudolph of Hapsburg. A more comprehensive compact on Church matters is that of which the foundation was laid at Constance in 1418, and which was subsequently modified by the 'Frankfort' or 'Princes' Concordat,' by the Concordat of Aschaf- fenburg, and by that of Vienna, which last, although practically disregarded by Joseph II. and his successor. Leopold II., continued in use till the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Its place was supplied, under Pius VII. and his immediate successors, by separate con- cordats with Bavaria, 1817; Prussia, 1821; Baden, Wiirttemberg, and other minor States, 1818; Hanover, 1824; and Saxony. 1827. The last (Jerman concordat was that concluded at Vienna. Augiist 18. 18.5.5. This provided for the fullest Papal authority in the Austrian dominions. The Church was to control education and to exercise a censorship over the press. The ecclesiastical courts were accorded special privileges. The Emperor was to nominate bishops, but only with the advice of the existing bishops and arch- bishops. The Church might acquire new prop- erty, but once acquired, it could not be sold or mortgaged without the consent of both Pope and Emperor. This concordat, so favorable to the Papacy, was set aside in 1808 in all the dominions of the Emperor of Austria. (2) With France. — The Pragmatic Sanction, ascribed to Saint Louis, but really of later date, has some of the characteristics of a concordat ; but the first proper concordat is that of Bologna, concluded by Francis I. with Leo X. in 151.5 and 1516, which continued in force, although with more than one conflict of the two powers, till the Revo- lution. In reestablishing the Church in France. Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, concluded with Pius VII. the celebrated Concordat of 1801, which he afterwards compelled the Pope, then a captive at Fontainebleau. to modify by a new act in 1814 Both were ignored at the Restoration; but an attempt to produce a substitute in 1817, and again in 1819, led to no result. (.3) With Italy. — In Italy, an agreement regulating the election of bishops was concluded with Nice and Savoy by Nicholas V. in 1415; and a formal con- cordat was made with Sardinia by Benedict XIV. in 1740. The ecclesiastical affairs of Naples were anciently regulated by the terras of what was called the Monarchia Sictila; but a formal concordat was made by Pius VII. in 1818. (4) With Spain. — Charles I. concluded a concordat lor his Spanish kingdom with Adrian VI. and Clement VII.; and a further concordat was made by Clement XII. and Philip V. in 1737. (5) With Portugal. — Benedict XIV. made a con- cordat with Portugal in 1741. Besides these, the Papacy has from time to time made many similar concordats with various small powers, especially with South American States in the nineteenth century. The age of concordats has jjassed away with the establishment of the pre- ])onderance of the State over the Church, and no great power to-dav would bind itself as Austria did in 1855. Consult: Phillimore, Commentaries on Inter- national Law (London, ISSS)) ; Seche, Les ori- (jines du Concordat (Paris, 1894). The texts of the various concordats will be found in the col- lections of iliinch (Leipzig, 1830) ; Nussi (Mainz, 1870); Walter (Bonn, 1862); Balve (Munich, 1863); often with extensive commen- taries. See AusTRiA-HuNOAKY ; Constance,' Council of; Germany; Holy Roman Empibe; Invesiituke; Napoij;on I.; Pius VII. CONCORDE, koN'kord', Place de la (Fr., Square of Concoi'd). The largest square in Paris, the starting point of the Champs Elysees, bounded by the Rue de Rivoli, the Tuileries Ciardens, and the Seine. It is associated with many historical occurrences. On it, on May 30, 1770. occurred a panic caused by fireworks, re- sulting in the death or injury of over 3000 per- sons. On the spot now occupied by the obelisk stood the guillotine by which more than 2800 per- sons died between -lanuary 21. 1793, and May 3, 1795. In 1871 the Versailles troops engaged in a fierce struggle with the Communists on the square. The present name of the place, previously the Place Louis XV., was given in 1799. It was again called Place Louis XV. from 1824 to 1830, when the n.ame now in use was restored. Archi- tecturally the square is one of the finest in the world. It is adorned with an obelisk from Luxor, presented by Mehemet Ali in 1831, with striking fountains, and eight figures represent- ing the principal to^^ls of France, and at night is brilliantly illuminated by twenty large bronze clusters of lamps. It commands a fine view of the Champs Elysees with the Arc de Triomphe. of the Madeleine, and of the Chambre des Deputes, approaclied by the Pont de la Concorde. CONCORDIA, kon-kor'de-a. A river port in the Province of Entre Rios, Argentina, situ- ated on the right bank of the L'ruguay (Map: Argentina, F 10). It has oil-mills and slaughter- houses, and exports large quantities of salt meat, leather, and Paraguay tea. Population, in 1895, 14.804. CONCORDIA, konkor'di-a. A city and the county-seat of Cloud County, Kan., 210 miles west by north of Kansas City, on the Republican River, and on the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and other railroads (Map: Kansas, E 2). Good transportation facilities, abundant water- power, a fertile agricultural country, and valu- able deposits of coal and building-stone have aided in developing the city's commercial and industrial interests. There are grain elevators, fiouring-mills, iron-works, plow and wagon
