CLEMENT. 21 CLEMENT. ■which he afterwards successfully taught. His merits were appreciated by the keen-sighted Benedict XIV., who appointed him to the im- portant post of counselor to the Iniiui>ition. and under Clement XIII. he was made a cardinal. No Pope had ever confronted greater dilliculties on his accession, 'i'he kings of Portugal, France, Spain, and Naples were at variance with liim, chiefly on account of his support of the Jesuits; Venice wished to reform the religious orders without his interference; Poland was seeking to diminish his influence ; the Romans themselves were discontented. He first set about reconciling the mouarchs ; he sent a nuncio to Lisbon, sus- pended the bull In Cena Domini, and entered into negotiations with Spain and France. After several years of negotiation he signed, on July 21, 1773, the famous brief Domiiius ac liedemptor rioster, suppressing the society of the Jesuits. The motive assigned in the brief is. "regard to the peace of the Church." From tliis time he showed signs of constant disquietude and vin- certainty as to whether he had acted rightl.y in this grave matter, and his strength gradually gave way. He died of a scorbutic disease. Se]>tem- ber 22, 1774. Clenent XIV. was remarkable for liberality of mind, address as a .statesman, sound learning, and mildness of character. He cherished the arts and sciences, and was the founder of the Clementine Museum, which, by the additions of Pius VI. and Pius VII., became the chief ornament of the Vatican. Consult: A. Theiner. Clcschichte des Pontificats Clement XIV. (Paris, 1853) ; Von Reuraont, Gancjonelli (Papst Clement XIV.), seine Brief e iind seine Zeit (Berlin. 1847) ; Ravignan. Clement XIII. et Clement XIV. (Paris, 1854). CLEMENT OF Alexandria (Lat. Clemens Alexandri)itis, Gk. K)/iT;s 'AXeiacSpeios, Klemes Alexandreios) (c.l50-c.215) . Titus Flavins Clemens, a celebrated Greek father of the Church. He was probably of heathen parentage. and his birthplace is unknown. He received a liberal education, and sought out many teachers in his search for truth. He finally resorted to the Christian Panta-nus, who presided over the catechetical school at Alexandria, and here he entered the Church. He was ordained a pres- byter, and succeeded Pantienus as head of the famous school, which was destined to achieve much greater renown because of the influence of his own and Origen's teaching. During the persecution in the reign of Septimius Severus (c.203 A.D.), Clement left Alexandria. We hear of him afterwards in Palestine and Asia Minor; but his later life is veiled in ob,scurity, and we know neither the place nor the date of his death. Clement was a man of wide learning, and was proficient in Greek philosophy, literature, and history. .Jerome called him 'the most learned of men ;' but this is mere friendl.v exaggeration. As a theologian he ranks high, although inferior to his famous pupil, Origen (q.v.). According to his system, the divine Logos exhorts, educates, and perfects the true Christian gnostic, through a gi'adual process which is marked out, in three stages, in Clement's chief works — the Exliortu- tion to the Greeks, the Instructor, and the Sfrofnata ('miscellaneous'), which together form a kind of trilogA'. The first is a defense of the faith, designed to win converts. The second con- tains instructions in manners and morals for cvery-day life. In this Clement has not hesitated to draw freely from Stoic sources. The third i.i an unsystematic discussion of various points of doctrinal theolog>', designed to guide the mature Christian to a perfect knowledge (gnosis). Appended to the titromata is one of the earliest Christian hymns, familiar to the modern world in the version beginning, "Shep- herd of tender youth." Of Cleuu-nt's otlicr writ- ings the best known is the tractate. Who is the liich Man that Kliall he Harril.' In his inter- pretation of Scripture Clement followed the allegorical method, so much in ^■ogue in Alexan- dria. The best edition of Clement's works is by Potter (Oxford. 1715), reprinted in Migne's Patrol. Gra-c., viii. and ix. (Paris, 1857). An English translation may be found in the A.nte-X icene Fathers, vol. ii., ed. by A. C. Coxe (New York, 1885). Consult in general, the article "Clement," in Smith and Wace, Diction- ary of Christian Biography (London, 1877-87); Charles Bigg, The Christian Platonists of Alex- andria (Oxford, 1886) ; F. R. M. Hitchcock. Clement of Alexandria (London, 1899) ; and Eugene de Fave, Clement d'Alexandrie (Paris, 1898). CLEMENT, kla'nuix', Jacques (c.1567-89). The assassin of Henry 111. of France. He was born at Sorbon, in the Department of Ardennes, and in early life seems to have been a soldier. Later he entered a Dominican convent in Paris. Ignorant, passionate, and probably also demented, Clement became a fanatic jiartisan of the League in its struggle against the French King and Henry of Xavalre. After the murder of the Duke" of Guise and his brother, at Blois, in 1588, C;leiiient began to think of himself as the instru- ment selected by Heaven to overthrow the 'tyrant,' that is, Henry of Valois, and to avenge the death of the two great leaders of the League. He is said to have confided his plan to assas- sinate the King to Bourgoing. the prior of his convent, and to have received the latter's appro- bation. It is asserted also by historians friendly to the cause of Henry of Navarre that the plan was brought to the knowledge of the Cardinal of Mayenne and his sister, the Duchesse de Mont- pensier. and that it was. in fact, carried out with their assistance; but historians friendly to the League denj' that its leaders had any pre- vious knowledge whatever of Clement's murder- ous scheme. Letters of introduciion to the King were ol)tained for Clement from the president, Harlay. and the Count de Brienne, who were then prisoners of the League in Paris. On July 31, 1589, Clement set out for Saint Cloud, from where Henry III. was directing the operations against the capital. On the morning of August 1, he was admitted to the presence of the King as the bearer of an important letter, and while the King was reading it, stabljed him. Henry threw the knife into the assassin's face, exclaim- ing: "Oh! the wicked monk; he has killed me! Put him to death!" Clement was inimediatel>' cut down and his body was subsequently quar- tered and burned. The King died the next day. By the zealots among the Leaguers, the deed was received with undisguised rejoicing, and accord- ing to Daubigiie, a Protestant, the act of Clement was praised from the ])ul]iit. and the monk de- clared a martyr. De Thou, a ])artisan of Henry IV., asserts that Pope Sixtus V. lauded Clement, Imt both Daubigne's and de Thou's statements
