CLERK. ords, public or private; but 'clerk in holy or- ders' is still in England the legal designation of a minister of the Established Church. See Clergy ; Benefit of Clekgy. CLERK, Nav.l. There are two classes of clerks in the I'nited States Navy, called 'paymas- ter's clerks' and 'cai)lain's clerks.' Both formerly were civilians, and the paymaster's clerk is still one. He is appointed at the request of the pay- officer, and serves until his appointment Is re- voked. While in service he wears a imiform sim- ilar to thai of warrant ofhcers. and messes with the junior officers. The pay varies from $1000 to $1300, according to the class of ship on which he is serving; on certain receiving-ships, and on shore, at certain navy-yards, the pay of the prin- cipal pay-clerk reaclres $1800. CLERK, rARisii. See Parish Clerk. CLERKENWELL (clerks' well, Lat. Fons Clericoriim, from its well which was a meeting- point for the parish clerks of London). A par- ish of London (q.v.), England, north of Saint Paul's Cathedral, between Holborn Viaduct and Islington. It is a noted district for the manu- facture of metal articles, watches, and optical instruments. CLERK-MAXWELL. See Maxwell. CLERMONT, klfir'moN' (ML. Clarus Mons, fair hill, frcmi claniti, clear, and mons, moun- tain). An ancient town in the Department of Oise, France, HI! miles north of Paris (Jlap: France, .T 2 ) . The town hall and Church of Saint Samson date from the fourteenth century, and the hill on which the town is built is sur- mounted by an old castle of the tenth or eleventh century, used in modern times as a penitentiary for women. Clermont was an important place in the Middle Ages. It was frequently taken and re- taken in the wars with the English, and in 1487 it was surrendered to them as a ransom for the French leader La Hire. Population, in 1901, 5723. CLERMONT - FERRAND, -fer'rilN'. The capital of the Department of Puy-de-Dome, France. 215 miles south-southea.st of Paris (Map: France, K 6). It is finely situated, on a gentle elevation, between the rivers Bedat and Allier, at the foot of a range of e.xtinct volcanoes, crowned by the peak of Puy-de-Dome, about five miles distant from the town. It consists of the two towns of Clermont and Montferrand, connected by a fine avenue of trees. It contains several remarkable buildings : such as the old Gothic cathedral, the corn and linen hall, the theatre, and the HOtel-Dieu or hospital, various educational and scientific institutions, and a public library, in which are over 55.000 printed volumes and 1100 manuscripts. The manufactures of the place are manifold, and in- clude woolen and linen goods, machinery, straw hats, chocolate, and needles, while there is an ex- tensive traffic in the prodiice of the district, and considerable transit trade between Paris and the south of France. There are two hot mineral springs in the town, which are used for bathing. Clermont-Ferrand is the seat of a bishop. Popu- lation, in 1890, .50,870: in 1901, 52,933. A multi- tude of Roman antiquities attest the antiquity of the city. In the Middle Ages Clermont was the residence of the counts of the same name, and the capital of the Province of Auvergne, and be- came the seat of one of the oldest bishoprics of 26 CLESINGER. France. Several ecclesiastical councils were held here, the most remarkable of which was that in 1095, at which the First Crusade was decreed by Urban II, Among its monuments is a statue to Pascal, wlio was a native of Clermont. CLERMONT L'HERAULT, la'rr.', or Cler- Mo.T i)E Loui,VE. The capital of a canton in the Department of Hgrault, France, situated on a castle-crowned hill, rising from the banks of the Ydromiel, 10 miles south of Lodfeve by rail. Its Romanesque Church of .Saint Guelhelm-le-Dessert is a fine building of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Clermont is noted for its woolen manufactures, especially arm}' clothing, which date from 1078; it has also tanneries, potteries, manufactures oi cutlery, lime and stone quar- ries, and a considerable trade in agricultural and commercial products. Population, in 1901, 5280. CLERMONT TONNERRE, to'nar'. A well- known French family. It originated in Dauphin in the eleventh century. Stamslas Marie Ade- laide, Count de (1757 92), was born at Pont-a- Mousson. He entered the States-General in 1789 as representative of the nobility, and there, as well as in the National Assembly, ac- quired great influence. He «as moderate in his views, argued for the English system of two legislative houses, and for the King's right to veto. With JIalouet and others he founded, in 1790, in order to counteract the .lacobins. the Club des Amis de la Monarchic, and with Fontanes he published the Journal des Iinpartiaux. He perished in the massacre of August 10, 1792. — .'im£ Marie Gaspakd, Marquis, and afterwards Duke de (1779-1805), born in Paris, was a French general and minister. He was educated at the Ecole Pol.vtechnique, entered the army and sei-ved in the campaigns in Italy, Germany, and Spain. He was made aide-de-camp to Napoleon's brother Joseph, King of Spain. After the resto- ration of Louis XVIII. he became Minister of Marine, and later Minister of War. After the .July Revolution he refused the oath of allegiance to the new government. He died in retirement .lanuary 8, 1805, CLERY, kla're', Jean Baptiste Antoine Hanet (1759-1809). The valet de chambre of Louis XVI. He was born near Versailles. By his own choice he followed the King to the Tem- ple, and attended him with the greatest de- votion. After his death he remained in imprison- ment for some time, and then rejoined the royal family in Ormany. In London he published his popular account of Louis's captivity. Journal de ce qui s'est passe a la tour dii Temple pendant la eaptivil6 de Lonis XVI., roi de France (1798), which luis passed through many editions. CLESINGER, klA'zaN'zha', Jean Baptiste Auguste (1814-83). A French sculptor. He was born at Bcsancon, October 22, 1814: studied with his father, and made his appearance in the Salon of 1843. His first work that attracted at- tention was "The Woman Bitten l>y a Serpent" (1847). He executed "Louise of Savoy" for the Garden of the Luxembourg. In 1877 he ex- hibited "The Dance with Castanets," a bronze statue, and in 1807, "Cleopatra Before Ciesar." He occasionally exhibited paintings of scenery and architecture. He married a daughter of George Sand. He died in Paris. January 7, 1883.
