COOLEY. 372 COOPER. elude The New Texl-liook of Physics (ISSO) ; The Xeic Text-Buok of Vhemisiry (1881); and The HiudenVs Manual of Physics (1897). COOLEY, Thomas :Ucl>-TYRE (1824-98). An .merican jurist and writer on constitutional law. He was born in Attica, N. Y., but removed to Michigan in 1843, and in 1846 was admitted to the bar. He compiled the general statutes of the State, was reporter for the Supreme Court (18.58-G4), and published eight volumes of re- ports and a digest of the Jliohigan decisions. He was professor in the law department of the Uni- versit}' of Aliehigan and dean of the faculty in 1859. In 1861 he became professor of constitu- tional and administrative law in the school of political science in the university, and also dean, and later occupied the chair of American history in the academic department. From 1864 to 1885 he was a justice of the State Supreme Court,'and was Chief Justice from 1868 to 1869. In 1887 he became chairman of the Interstate Commerce ■Commission, but resigned four years later. •Judge Cooley's publications on constitutional law, which are authoritative, are: The Constitu- tional Limitations which Rest upon the Legisla- tive Pouer of the States of the American Union (1868) ; Story's Commentaries on the Constitu- tion of the United States, leith Additional Com- mentaries on the New Amendments (1873) ; and General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States (1880). COOL'GARDIE. A mining town in western Australia. 3.'i(l miles east - northeast of Perth, with which it is connected by rail and telegraph (Map: Australia. C 5). Gold, discovered here in 1891, has given rich yields since 1893. Popu- lation, in 1901, 4213. COCLIDGE, Susan. The pen-name of Miss .Sarah Chauncey Woolsey. COOLIDGE, Thomas Jefferson (1831—). An American manufacturer and diplomat. He was born in Boston, Mass., and was educated at Harvard and in Europe. In 1892 he was sent as United States ilinistcr to France, but was super- seded by .James B. Eustis in 1893. He was ap- pointed member of the Joint High Commission to adjust disputes between the United States and Canada. COOLIE (Beng. Jcult, Hind, qftli, laborer, from Tamil huli, daily hire). A name applied to an unskilled laborer in India and Eastern Asia and to contract emigrant laborers sent from India and China to other coun- tries, especially to the West Indies. In tropical countries where white labor is impossible, there arose with the abolition of slavery a need for cheap lalior capable of doing the heavy tasks of plantations, factories, and shipping. For this purpose the acclimated cheap labor of the over- populated Asiatic countries seemed especially adapted. The coolie trade began about 1834. It was accompanied by abuses which made it little better than a form of slavery, and Great Britain, which had been largely interested in the trade, luidertook to put a stop to it in 1855. This threw it largely into the hands of the Portuguese. The coolie trade from Macao to Cuba and Peru was little better than the slave trade so far as its -conditions were concerned. The traffic was regu- lated by the convention of 1866 between China, France, and Great Britain. The requirement by Uhina of a return passage at the end of five years practically stopped the trade with the West In- dies. The number of coolies in British Guiana in 1871 was estimated at 50,000. The advantages and evils of the coolie trade were made the sub- ject of numerous reports, and protective enact- ments were passed by the Chinese. British, and French governments. Under tlie Indian Emigra- tion Act of 1883, emigration under contract is allowed only to certain colonies, where good treatment is assured. These are the British colonies of British Guiana, Jamaica, Mauritius, Trinidad, Saint Lucia. Saint Kitts, Saint Vin- cent, Grenada, Natal, and Fiji, and the French CJuadeloupe and Martinique, as well as Dutch Guiana and the Danish Saint C'roi.x. Besides what may be called the legitimate traffic in Chinese coolies (stopped at present), an in- famous counterfeit was long carried on at Macao (q.v. ). Native crimps brought thousands of their countrymen to that Portuguese island, and shipped them for Cuba and Peru. This 'invol- untary emigration,' as it has been called, began in 1848, and as many as 13,000 persons were shipped in the course of a year: but as in reality it was notliing more than an elaborate system of kidnapping, the Chinese and British governments, in 1872, prohibited anj' vessel suspected of being engaged in this trade from fitting out in any Chinese or British port, and the 'trade' was prac- tically destroyed in consequence. At the close of 1873 the Portuguese Government formally declared the 'exportation' of coolies illegal, and the atrocious traffic may now be considered at an end. Consult, in addition to numerous British and French official papers and rc])orts. .Jenkins, The Coolie: Bis Eights and Wrongs (London, 1871); Hope, In Quest of Coolies (London, 1872). COOM AIM'S, ko'mans, Fr. pron. ko'maN', PiEKEE Oi.iviEK .Joseph (1816-90). A Belgian I)ainter. He was born at Brussels and was the pupil of de Keyser and Wappers at Antwerp. He afterwards accompanied the French troops on their expeditions in Algeria, traveled for several years in Italy, Greece, Turkey, and the Crimea, and on a second visit to Italy in 1857 was so strongly influenced by the Pompeian paintings as to confine his art thereafter mainly to antique subjects. His noteworthy pictures are: "Con- quest of Jerusalem bv the Cru.saders" (1841); "The Battle of Ascalo'n" (1842) : "The Deluge"; "Emigration of Arab Tribes"; "Algerian Dancing Girls"'; "The Battle of the Alma" (18.53); "Feast of the Philistines" (1856) ; "Last Days of Happiness of Pompeii" (1863); "Phryne"; '■Glycera." and "Lucretia." COO'MASStE. See Kttmassi. COON OYSTER. An oyster growing wild near shore, where it can easily be obtained by a raccoon. The name originated in the southern ITnited States, where these oysters are often called 'strap-oysters,' because their clustered manner of growth makes them long, narrow, and thin. COONS. A popular name for members of the Whig party in 1838-45, when the raccoon formed the emblem of the party. COON'TIE. See Zamia. COOPER, koop'er or kup'er, Anthont Ash- ley. See Shaftesbitrt. COO'PER, Sir Astley Paston (1768-1841). A celebrated English surgeon, bom in Norfolk.
