CORINTHIANS. 415 CORIPPUS. Church ^A.D. 110) ; while, {,'oiierally speaking, references to it by the Fathers are few and not over clear. But if 11. Corinthians was thus so much later in coming to the notice of the Cliurch, this period of obscurity would involve neces- sarily a harsh nsafje for the first copies of both the "letters of whii'h it is composed, and this may easily have resulted in a loss of the clos- ing portion from 'Paul's last letter (chaps, i.-i.v. ) and, correspondinj^ly, of the earlier por- tion of his painful letter (chaps, x.-xiii.). In- asmuch, howeer, as both these fragments, when finally discoxered, gave evidence of having been written by Paul (cf. i. I, 2, which gives the Apostolic greeting in the name of Paul: "Paul an Apostle," etc., and x. 1, which presents Paul by name as the writer: "Xow I, Paul, my- self entreat you," etc.), and as one showed itself clearly to be the I)eginning, while the other as clearly showed itself to be the close of one of his letters, it would be not at all unnatural were the two fragments placed together as one Epistle and so received generally in the Church. In view, therefore, of the facts presented in the Epistles, we recognize three visits of Paul to Corinth: (a) at the founding of the Church; (b) in response to the urgency call: (c) at the close of his mission work in the East. We recog- nize also four letters of Paul to the Church: (a) the letter of prohibition; (b) the canonical 1. Corinthians; (c) the painful letter (II. Co- rinthians x.-xiii.) ; (d) the canonical II. Co- rinthians (chaps, i.-i.x.). Together with the Epistle to the Galatians and the Epistle to the Romans, the Corinthian Epistles have been almost universally received as genuine letters of Paul. The Tubingen Scho'ol (1845) made these four Epistles the standard for their criticism against the remain- ing Xew Testament writings. Recently a school of Dutch critics (18SO-90) has sought to dis- prove their Apostolic origin. Other Continental critics (1875-90). while admitting their substan- tial genuineness, have attempted to redistribute their contents among various documents. Still other critics (1880-87) confine their efforts to the elimination of certain minor interpretations. Apartj however, from the two-epistle theory for II. Corinthians, as advanced in this article, the letters are not only unmistakably genuine prod- ucts of Paul, but are clearly integral in their contents. BiRLiOGRAPHY. Commentaries: A. Klopper (Berlin, 1S74) ; T. S. Evans, in the Speaker's [Bible] Commentary (New York, 1881); A. P. Stanlev (London. 1882) : T. C. Edwards. /. Corinlhians (London, 1885) : F. Godet. J. Corinlhinns, Enalish trans. (Edinburgh, 1886) ; C. J. Ellicott, /. Corinthlrins (Andover, 1889) ; P. W. Schmiedel. in JJandkommenlnr zum 'Neuen Testament (Freiburg, 1891) ; G. Schneder- mann, in Strack u. Zijckler, Kommeiitar (Mu- nich, 1894) ; H. A. W. Mever, edited by 0. F. G. Heinrici (Gottingen. 1890-1900). In- troduetions: A. Hilgenfeld (Halle, 1875); B. Weiss, English trans. (Edinburgh. 1S8S) : H. J. Holtzmann (Freiburg. 1892) ; G. Salmon (Lon- don, 1894): Th. Zahn (Leipzig. 1900); B. _W. Bacon, in "New Testament Handbook Series" (New York, 1900) ; A. Jiilicher (Leipzig, 1901) ; J. Moffatt. The Hisitorical New Testament (New York, 1901). Discussions: A. Hausrath. Der Vierka^telbrief des Pauliis a»i. die Corinther (Heidelberg, 1870) ; F. C. Baur, Paulus, English trans. (London, 187;J-75) ; R. J. Ivnowling, The Witness of the Epistles to Christ (London, 1892); F. J. A. Hort, The Christian Eceksia (London, 1898) ; Rohr, "Paulus und die Ge- meinde von Corinth," in liiblische litudien, vol. iv. (Freiliurg. 1899). J. II. Kennedy, The Sieond and Third IJiiistles of Haint Paul to the Co- rinthians (London, 1900). The "Dutch School of Criticism" is represented specially by A. Pier- son and S. A. Naber, in Verisimilia (Amster- dam and The Ilagiie, 1880) ; W. C. Van IManen, in Paulus (Leyden, 1890-91) ; the "Distributiim School" specially by C. Clemen, Die Einhiit- lichkeit der Paulinisehen Briefe (Gottingen, 1894) ; H. Lisco, Die Entstrhuny des zirciten Korintherbriefes (Berlin, 1890) ; the "Interpo- lation School" specially by C. Holsten, Uas Evangelium des Paulus, vol, i. (Berlin, 1880) ; C. M. S. Baljon, De Te.kst der Brieren uun de Romeinen, Corinthiers en Galatiirs (Utrecht, 1884). CORINTHIANS, Third Epistle to the. See APOCRVI'I!.^. CORINTO, ko-ren't* (Sp.. Corinth). A sea- port in the Department of Chinandega, Nicara- gua, situated on the island of Aserradores, be- tween Realejo Bay and the Pacific (Map: Central America, D 4). It has an excellent harbor, and is the chief Nicaraguan port of the west coast, having supplanted Realejo. It is the residence of a United States co7isular agent. Corinto was founded in 1SC.3. Population," .3000. CC'RIOLATyTUS, Caius or Gn-Bus M.rcius, a. Roman patrician. According to the half-fabu- lous legend, he was surnamed Coriolanus on account of his capture. B.C. 49.3, of the town of Corioli, belonging to the Volsci. Of a proud and haughty spirit, he was strongly opposed to the plebeians, whom he looked upon as the 'enemies' of his order: and on one occasion, during a time of famine, he argued in the Senate against a gra- ' tuitous distribution of the corn which had ar- rived from Sicily, and insisted that the plebeian tribunes, lately instituted, should first be dis- charged from office. For this he was impeached and banished. He took refuge among the Volsci- ans, whom he aided in their war with the Ro- mans. His victories at the head of his Volscian troops alarmed the Romans, who. on his ap- proach to their city, sent a variety of deputations to plead with him. He was deaf to every en- treaty. At last, the noblest matrons of Rome, headed by his old mother and his wife, Vohnnnia, leading her two children, came to his tent. His bvirning desire to be revenged on those who had dishonored him was cooled by the tears of his relatives, and he led back the Volsci to their own territories, where he lived to an advanced age. CORIOLANUS. (1) A tragedy by Shake- speare, produced, probably, in 1009, and published in 102.3, The plot is derived from Plutareli's Lives, and some speeches are taken verbatim from Sir Thomas North's translation of that work, published in 1579. The leading idea of the play is the rivaliy between the patricians and plebe- ians, which existed in the fifth century is.r. (2) A tragedy by .James Thomson, published, after his death, 'in 1748 or 1749. CORIP'PUS, Flavius Cresconius. An au- thor, native of Africa. He is supposed to have lived in the sixth centurv. He was the author
