COSTIGAN. 463 COSTUIffE. his aflfcction for whisky, lie is the f.ather of 'the Fotheriugay.' COSTIGAN, Emily. 'The Fotheiingay,' in Tliackfiay's rcndcniiis. She is the caily swoet- licait of Arthur Peiidennis, who is rescued from marriage with her only by the prompt action of his worldly-wise old uncle, the Majnr, "ably seconded by Foker. COSTIGAN, JoUxN (1835—). A Canadian statesman. He was boni at Saint Nicholas, Quebec Province; was educated at Saint Anne's College, and subsequently became a judge of the inferior common plea.s court. He sat for Vic- toria' in the New Brunswick Legislature from 1801 to 1800, and after the union of ISO" was elected by the same constituency to the Dominion House of Commons, of which he is still a mem- ber. In 1882-92 he was Minister of Inland Revenue, from 1892 to 1894 was Secretary of State, and afterwards was Minister of Marine and Fisheries. COST'MAKY (from cost, Lat. coslitm, an Oriental aromatic plant, from Gk. ^iirrof, Lostos, spice-root + -riiary, Fr. murine, Lat. "iori;u(.sM)er- taining to the sea, from mare, sea, but confused by popular etymology with Mary). The rayless form of Chrysanthemum balsamita, a peren- nial plant of the natural order Compositae, a native of western Asia, long cultivated in gardens for the agreeable fragrance of the leaves. The root-leaves are ovate, of a graj'ish color, on long footstalks; the stem is two to three feet high: it has small heads of flowers in loose corymbs, deep yellow. COSTS (from cost, OF. eoster, coustcr, Fr. coitter, ML. costare, to cost, from Lat. conntare, to cost, stand together, from com-, together + stare, Gk. l<JTdvai,]iistaiiai, Skt. stiu'i, to stand). In a litigated case, the sum of money which the successful party is allowed to recover from his opponent, as a partial compensation for the expenses of the litigation. In actions at com- mon law, costs are the creation of statute; but in equity and admiralty suits they are fixed by the court, except where this power has been taken away or modified by legislation. Even in common-law actions, discretion is often vested in the court to grant an allowance to the pre- vailing party in addition to the ordinary costs; and in some jurisdictions paupers and seamen may be relieved from costs altogether. Costs are either: (a) interlocutory, that is, such as are awarded upon motions or simiUxr proceedings during the pendency of the action ; or (b) final, that is, such as follow upon the determination of the action. LTpon the decision of a motion, or upon a judgment on appeal re- versing the judgment appealed from and awarding a new trial, costs are often ordered to abide the event. In such a case, if the final judgment is in favor of the party who succeeded on the motion or appeal, he gets his costs of those pro- ceedings, otherwise he loses them. The taxation of costs is the official adjustment, on notice, of the various items to which the .successful party is entitled. For details relating to costs, consult the authorities referred to under Practice. COSTUME (Fr. eostiime, IML. eosfitma, cos- tume, from Lat. eonsuetudo, custom, from con- siieseere. inchoative of consuere, to be accustomed, from com-, together + s«ere, to be accustomed. probably connected with siius, own). Both dress and costume arc concerned with what men and women have worn, in all epochs and under civilizations of all degrees; but dress (q.v.) deals with preserving the natural heat of the body, or protecting it from the sun or from rain, and with the requirements of that con- ventional jnopriety which varies so mudi in dif- ferent lands and with dill'erent conditions; while costume has to do with appliances used to give to the person stateliness or grace, or an elicctive show of forms and colors, as well as with the strictly regulated ceremonial dress assumed by dignitaries or olhcials; but the description of these exceptional forms of costume cannot be in- cluded in this article. See e.g. Cohonet; Ckown; and the article on various forms of knighthood. Costume, as a matter of display, or at least of decorative effect, consists partly in the use of textile fabrics which are beautiful in them- selves, or substitutes for them made of bark or leather, and decorated bj- printing or stamping; partly in the shaping and adjusting of the gar- ments made of these decorative stutl's. Cognate subjects are the arrangements of jewels attached to the dress or hung ujion the body, and the care of the hair, skin, and beard. See Jewelry; Hair-Dressixu; Hair-Powder; etc. Ta judge from the artistic remains of ancient Egj-pt and Assyria, the use of rich stufl's was the primary thought of the Egj-ptians, who sought to be splendid in appearance. Beauty of material and of pattern at least held an even place in their minds with jewelry. Thus, from the earliest era laiown to us by the painted monuments down to a period later than the ^Macedonian conquest, the little-changing adorn- ment of the Egyptian ofiicial or Court lady was something very magnificent indeed, in the way of broad necklaces made up apparently of ring within ring of carved gems, mounted in gold with exquisite handling and taste, and covering the shoulders and the junction of the throat with the breast, as completely as the steel gorget of the sixteenth century. The full significance of these collars is not entirely certain. It may be that in some cases the jewelry was sewn upon a collar-shaped piece of stuff, which has fallen away from those jewels which are found in the ancient tombs. Armlets worn on the upper arm and also on the wrist, like the modern brace- let, are as common as the necklaces, and there are evidences of a jeweled girdle as rich and as broad as the combination of necklaces, al- though this, being worn, as the necklaces are, directly upon the skin, is only in part seen, being often covered by the folds of the skirt, which is sometimes secured to the belt and falls below it. The stuffs themselves are found of still greater splendor in the representations of upholstered furniture; but this appears to be in ])art because a larger surface could be pre- sented there than in the garment worn by man or woman. The patterns are so similar to the earlier painted designs of the tomb interiors that there becomes e^■ident a close connection in the mind of the Egyptian designer between one sur- face and another, the beautifying of which was to be intrusted to color. There are. however, stuffs of the eighteenth dynasty, and perhaps earlier, usually of linen, which have been found in a more or less fragmentary condition in the tombs, and many of these are of the most ex-
