CLIPPEB. 40 CLIVE. elliptical; and, in fact, the comparison of the race-horse to the beast of burden holds good in comparing the clipper to the ordinary sailing ship. The first American clipper was the Ruin- bow, a vessel of 750 tons, built in 1843 for the China trade. The largest of these craft was the flrcat licpuhlir, 325 feet in length, 53 feet beam, find 37 feet depth of hold, of 4000 tons capacity. The Aberdeen builders and ilr. Scott Russell, in England, built some of the most niagniflceut clipper ships that have sailed the ocean. Among the fastest passages are those made by the Fly- ing Cloud in 1851, New York to San Francisco in 89 days and 18 hours, making 374 miles in one day. This record, however, was reduced by the Comet, which made the same trip in 83 days: in 1854, by the Lightning, Boston to Liverpool, '2827 miles, in 13 days, and Melbourne to Liverpool, 12,190 miles, in '(U days; in 1865, by the Mglitin- gale from ]Ielbourne to New York, 12,720 miles, in 73 days; the Thornton, Sandy Hook to Liver- pool, 3000 miles, in 13 days, 9 hours; this record was equaled by the Dicadnaiight in 1859; 1809, the Golden tjntr, an iron clipper sliip, from Liver- pool to San Francisco, 13,800 miles in 100 days. The clipper, which was at its prime during the period from 13J0 to 1855, at the advent of the steamsliip underwent numerous transformations as the ends of commerce demanded a greater cargo-carrying capacity at the expense of speed, and as a type gradually passed away; changes were made in the lines and rig. and smaller crews were carried, with the object of increasing ton- nage capacity and competing with steamships by lower freight-rates. The effect of the model, however, was shown in many subsequent ships and yachts. CLIPPER-BOW. The overhanging bow, with short bowsprit (chiefly ornamental), which is found in some wooden steamers. The bow of most steamers has a vertical stem. The clipper- how differs from the old sailing-ship bow in ris- ing in a smooth curve from the cutwater to the scroll-head, while the latter had a reverse curve as it approached the bowsprit. CLIS'THENES, klis'the-nez (Lat., from Gk. KXeio-^^i'ijs, Kleisthenes) . An Athenian states- man. He was a member of the celebrated family of the AlcmaeonidiP, and grandson of the Sicyo- nian Clisthenes. He took a prominent part in the expulsion of Hippias in B.C. 510. He made im- portant changes in the Athenian Constitution, which he rendered more democratic. The basis of his reform was a redistribution of the people; instead of four tribes, or phylic, which had pre- viously existed, he made the number ten, and dis- tributed among these the denies into which the Attic territory was divided. He also instituted ostracism, and was the first to suffer therefrom. When Isagoras. the head of the oligarchical party at Athens, called in Cleomenes, King of Sparta, Clisthenes, with 700 heads of families, was forced to retire from the city, but was after- wards recalled. CLITANDRE. klc'tiix'dr'. A favorite name with Moli&re, who calls four different characters by it: (1) The sensible lover of Henriette in Les femmes sai^antes. (2) The lover of An- gelique in (Georges Dandin. (3) A titled lover of Celimfne in Le misanthrope. (4) The lover of Lucinde in L'amour medecin, who pretends to be a physician in order to cure her. CLITH'EROE (Welsh Cled-dwyr, cliff near the waters). A town of Lancashire, England, on ihe Kibble, and at the foot of the Pendle Hills, about 28 miles north of ilauchester (Map: Eng- land, D 3). Its notable buildings include the Church of Saint Michael's, the ancient gj-anunar- school founded by Queen JIary in 1554, and the ruins of an old castle built by one of the De Lacy family in the twelfth century. The town maintains a free public library, and expends a considerable sum on technical education. Its in- dustries consist of cotton and paper mills, and in the neighborhood are extensive limestone-quar- ries. Near Clilheroe is the .Jesuit College of Stonyhurst. Population, in 1891, 10,800: in 1901, 11,400. Clithcroe and Pontefract were the two seats of the De Lacy family in Norman times. CLITOM'ACHUS (Gk. Kleirdfiaxos, Kleito- machos, or possibly K/.Ettjrdfiaxos, Kleistuniiichos) (C.190-C.110 B.C.).' A Greek philosopher of the New Academy, the most important among the pupils of Carneades, whose spoken philosophy he put in writing, and whom he succeeded as leader of the school. He was a Carthaginian by birth : was called Hasdrubal in his own tongue; came to Athens about 147, and became head of the New Academy in 129. Of his many works none remain save in translations given by Cicero, who praises Clitoniachus highly. He was well known at Rome, if we are to believe Cicero's statement that Crassus heard liini lec- ture at Athens in 111, and that he dedicated one of his books to the poet Lucilius and one to Lu- cius Censorinus, consul in 149 B.C. CLI'TUS (Lat., from Gk. KXcit-os, Kleitos) ( ?- B.C. 328). The foster-brother of Alexander the Great. He was the dearest friend of the King, whose life he saved at the battle of the Granicus. He held high positions in the Macedonian ar- mies, and in 328 was made satrap of Bactria. At a banquet given by Alexander in honor of the Dioscuri, the King, goaded to madness by the censures of Clitus, who reproached Alexander with slothfulness, seized a spear, and in his drunken rage slew him. Alexander bitterly re- pented his death, and showed his grief in the most extravagant manner. CLITTJS. In Shakespeare's Julius Cwsar, the ser-ant of Brutus, who appears only in Act v. Scene 5, and who refuses to hold the sword for his master to fall upon. CLIVE, Catherine (1711-85). A noted Eng- lish actress, familiarly called 'Kitty Clive.' She was a daughter of William Raftor, an Irish gen- tleman of reduced circumstances, living in Lon- don. There is a doubtful story about her having been overheard singing while scrubbing a door- step where there were some members of the Beef- steak Club, and so securing a chance to begin her career. At any rate, during Colley Ciljber's management of Drury Lane, she made her ap- pearance there as a page, with a song, in Lee's tragedy of ^[ithridatcs. probably in 1728. She made a great hit, which she repeated in 1729 as I'hillida in Gibber's Lore in a Riddle. About 1732 she was married to George Clive, second cousin of the famous Lord Clive. In 1742 .she sang the part of Delilah in Handel's Samson, then first produced. She left Drury Lane in 1743. during Fleetwood's management, but re- sumed her connection with that theatre when Garrick took its direction, three years later. Her
