COTYLEDON. 490 COtJDER. ihey escape during germination, but are usually ■very dilTerent in appearance from the later leaves. See Seed. COT'YLOSAU'BIA (Xeo-Lat. noni. pi., from ■Gk. Kori'Aii, lc(jli/l(~. hollow cup + (^C/Hjf, saiiros, lizard). The order which includes the most an- eient reptiles, fossil in rocks of the Carboniferous Age, which, according to E. D. Cope, gave rise to "the Theromorplia ( q.v. ) , wlience sprang the saurian and serpentine fomis, and also to the lines lead- ing to the fish-reptiles ( Ichthyopterygia ) and the turtles (Chelonia). The cotylosaurians are thus eharaeterized by Cope: "Quadrate bone united with adjacent elements by suture; temiioral regions with roof of a few symmetrical segments. No distinct post-orbital bars; vertebne amphi- coelous ; ilium narrow, vertical ; feet ambula- tory." — Report Z'nited States yatioiial iliiseum, 189S (Washington, 1900). COTYS, or COTYT'TO (Lat., from Gk. 'KStvc, Kotfis, Ko7V77o), Kotytto). A Thracian goddess, whose festival, the Cotyttia, was held at night and was notorious for its debaucheries. Her worship was adopted bv some of the Greek States. COUCAL, koo'kal (probably an African word, although according to Cuvier it was coined in 179G by Le Vaillant in his Oiseanx d'Afrique, from Fr. coHC-ou, cuckoo -|- a(-ouette, sparrow), A kind of cuckoo, many species of which are widely distributed throughout Africa and south- eastern Asia to Australia, constituting the sub- family Centropodina', especially characterized by having the liind toe terminated by a straight, spine-like claw, whence they have been called 'lark-heeled.' They are large, ground-keeping birds, generally red and black, more or less ^^lossed, and sometimes lianded with brown, and are known generally as 'ground-cuckoos.' A spe- cies of the Philippines has a rounded crest and black, horny appendages to the feathers of the head and throat. Some other Asiatic species mimic pheasants in appearance and gait and are called 'pheasant-cuckoos.' The best-known one is the very common Indian 'crow-pheasant' iCen- tropus Sinensis) . is nearly two feet long, black, with the mantle and wings chestnut, and utters a curious howling crj-, followed by a series of rattling exclamations. All the.se birds make their own nests, sometimes elaborate roofed structures in thorny bushes, and lay wliite eggs incrusted like those of an ani. They are closely allied to the American road-runner. See Cuckoo. COUCH, D.Rius Xash (1822-97). An Ameri- can soldier. He was born at South East, N. V., graduated at West Point in 1840, served in the IMexican War (1840-47), and was brevetted first lieutenant in 1847 for "gallant and meritorious conduct' at Buena Vista. In 1849-50 lie served against the Scminoles, and in 18.53 made an im- portant exploring expedition into northern Slex- ico. In 1855 he resigned from the army to be- eorae a mercliant in Xew York, but in June, 1801, reentered the service as a colonel of volunteers, and in August became brigadier-general. He served in 1801-02 with the Army of the Potomac, rendering valuable services at Fair Oaks. Wil- liamsburg, and ilalvern ?Iill ; wa-i promoted to be major-general in •Tuly. 1802; commanded the Second .Army Corps at Fredericksburg and Chan- cellorsville ; was in command of the Department of Susquehanna in 186.3 and 1804; and was at the head of a division at the battle of Xashville. He resigned in 1805, and in the same year w;is an unsuccessful candidate on the Democratic ticket for the Governorslii)) of ilassachusetts. He was subsequently Collector of the Port of Boston in 1800-07, was quartermaster-general of Connecticut in 1877-78, and was adjutant-gen- eral of that Stale in 1883-84. COUCHANT, kou'ch«nt (Fr., pres. part, of coucher, to lie down). In heraldry, a beast lying down, with his head up, is couchant. If the head is down, he is dormant. See Heraldet. COUCH - GRASS (corrupted from quitch- [iniss. qtiick-(fniss ; so called from its rapid growth), Agropyron repeits. Also called wheat- grass, dog-grass, quickens, and squich or quitcli. A grass chiefiy known as a troublesome weed. It is common in most parts of Europe and Xorth America. See Agropykon. COUCY, koo'se'. The Chatelain de. A French trouljadour, whose name was Raoul or lienaud. He became Chatelain of Coucy in 1180, took part in the Third Crusade (1189-91), and was killed by the Saracens about 1203. His work consists of about sixteen songs, in the trou- l)adour style, but with more sincerity and origi- nality than the usual clniiisons coiirtoises of the time. They were published by Rath as Die Licder des Castellan von Coucy (Heidelberg, 1883). The legend connected with his name is one of great age, and is found in the lit- erature of many countries, though it is most likely of Breton origin. About the end of the thirteenth century there appeared a story or romun in verse by a certain .Jakemon Sakesep, of whom nothing is known, and whose name is taken from an acrostic given in his worlc, Roman d'arenture. He tells of the loves of the Chate- lain de Coucy and the Dame de Fayel. Falling ill on his way from the Holy Land, the Chate- lain ordered that after his death his heart be taken to his lady. But the husband of the lady intercepted the messenger, took the sacred sou- venir, and forced his wife to eat it. Thereupon the Dame for horror starved herself to death. The story was published with a modern version by Crap'elet (Paris, 1829). COUCY-LE-CHATEAU, koo'se'le-slia'to'. A small vilhige and cantonal seat (population, in 1901. 083) in the Department of Aisne. France. 10 miles north of Soissons. It is celebrated fur the remains of its mediaeval castle, standing on an acclivity, accessible on one side alone, and one of the most formidaljle fortresses of its period. The castle covers an area of 10,000 square yards, and is surrounded by lofty walls and a moat. Four towers flank the donjon, which 's 210 feet high, 100 feet in diameter, and has walls 34 leet thick. It is jmblic ])ro])erty and is classed among the historical monuments of France. Built by Enguerrand III., who died in 1242, it was pur- chased in 1390 by Louis of Orleans, and in 1498 became Crown projierty. It was dismantled by ilazarin's order in 1652. COUDER, koo'dar', Loris Charles Augu.ste ( 1789-1 87;i) . A French painter, born in London. He studied in Paris under David and Regnault and exhibited regularly at the Salon from 1817 until his death. Although he painted both re- ligious and historical subjects, he is better known by his large historical compositions at
