COUNCIL. 494 COUNSELOR. Decrees, annotated with nuich additional mat- ter, all in English, by H. K. Percival (New York, 1900). See Sy?;od. COUNCIL, Privy. See Privy Council. COUNCIL BLUFFS. A city and the county- seat of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, five miles east of Omaiia. Xcl). ; near the Jlissouri River, and on the Union Paeifie, the Chicago and North- western, the Chicago. Burlington and Quincy, the Chicago, Rocli Ishind and Paeifie, the Illinois Central, and other railroads (Maj5: Iowa, B 3). The city is well laid out, and lies to a great extent on a plaih underlying high bluffs. It has a public library, one of the first established in the State, and beauti- ful parks, notably Fairmont and Bayliss, .and is the seat of the Iowa School for the Deaf. Railroad and wagon bridges over the Missouri afford communication with Omaha. Good transportation facilities have made Coun- cil Bluffs a commercial point of great impor- tance : it has an extensive trade in agricultural implements, live stock, fruit, and produce, and manufactures of machinery, engines, lumber, paper, carriages, agricultural implements, and many other articles. The city government is conducted under a general State incorporation law, revised in 1807. The Mayor holds office for two years, and the city council is composed of representatives from the six wards of the city and two members at large. The coimcil elects the city clerk, street supervisor, city physician, pound-keeper, cliief of fire department, and elec- trician: the marshal and police are nominated by the executive and confirmed by the council : all other offices are filled by popular election. In 1804, on the site of Council Bluffs, Lewis and Clark held a council with the Indians — lience the name. Here, in 1S46, the ilonnons established a settlement, called Kanesville, which, however, they soon abandoned for Salt Lake City. The citv was chartered in 1850. Population, in 1890, 21,474 : in 1900, 25.802. COUNCIL GROVE. A city and the county- seat of Morris County, Kan., 24 miles northwest of Emporia ; on the Neosho River, and on the Missouri Pacific and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (ilap; Kansas. F 3). It is sur- rounded by a fertile agricultural and stock-rais- ing country. The city contains a public library, and has municipal water-works and electric- light plant. Coimcil Grove, settled in JS47. is one of Ihe oldest towns in the State. Population, in 1800. 2211: in 1000. 2205. COUNCIL OF ANCIENTS. See Dieectoby. COUNCIL OF BLOOD. See Alva. COUNCIL OF FIVE HUNDRED. See Di- COUNCIL OF TEN {Consiglio di died). The supreme body in the Venetian Government from the beginning of the fourteenth century till the overthrow of the Republic in 1797. The crea- tion of the Council of Ten was but the final step in the process by which the oligarchic party succeeded in obtaining sole control of the Government, beginning with the so-called "Clos- ing of the Grand Council" in 1207. Its imme- diate cause was a popular uprising in 1310 headed by the noble families of Tiepolo and Que- lini. After the suppression of the revolt the t'ouncil of Ten was constituted as a secret body for the purpose of discovering and punishing all the participants in the conspiracy. Created at first for a few days, its existence was j)ro- longed from time to time until, in 1335, it was made permanent. In spite of its name, the Coun- cil consisted of seventeen members, ten Coun- selors of the Black Robe, elected for a year, sis Counselors of the Red Robe, chosen for eight months, and the Doge. In times of great emer- gency the Council xas augmented by a rjiuntc of twenty or more of the noblest citizens, so that until 1595 it was officially known as the Con- siglio di died e giuiita. The powers exercised by the Council were unlimited and touched upon every afl'air of public and private life. Its decisions, from which there was no appeal, wei'e arrived at in secret, and its sentences were often carried out in the same manner. In spite, how- ever, of its arbitrary acts and the relentlessness with which it visited punishment upon those who offended it, the Council of Ten Avas ])0])u- lar with the large mass of citizens in that it in- sured internal tranquillity and the equitable ad- ministration of justice and preserved the State against the ambition of powerful nobles. In 1539 the discovery of treasonable behavior on the part of certain of the Ten led to the crea- lion of the riK/uisltori di stato, to whom the Council delegated its police functions, reserving to itself the trial of otl'enders brought before it by the inquisitors. Legend has pictured the Council of Ten as a horrid tribunal, whose history is one of stealth and secret murder, but as a matter of fact its influence in Venice, though absolute for five centuries, was far from malignant. COUNCIL OF THE INDIES, The. A gov- erning council formed in 1511 by King Ferdinand for the regulation of Spanish colonial affairs. It had unlimited powers, and covered every branch of administration. COUNCIL OF WAR. A conference of officers in war time, whom the commander voluntarily calls together to discuss matters of moment. It is an unwritten but generally understood rule that the commandant of a garrison will accept, or at least solicit, the opinion of a council of war bcfoi'e surrendering to an enemy. COUNSEL (OF. consdl, cunseil, consel, from Lat. coitsiliiim, consultation, from consiilere, to consult). A term applied to attorneys and coun- selors who become associated together in the con- duct of a cause at any stage of the proceedings, or who Jointly act as legal advisers in any mat- ter, whether litigated or not. It is less frequently used in speaking of a single lawyer acting in any of the above capacities. The term 'of counsel' is employed to designate a lawyer' who assists the attorney of record in the management, trial, and conduct of a case. See Advocate; Attoe- NEY; Lawyer. COUNSELOR. In law, a person admitted to practice law in any capacity, and who is by reason of that fact an officer of the court. The term was formerly used to distinguish those laAAyers who were licensed to appear in court, corresponding to the barrister in England and the advocate in Scotland. The distinction has been abolished in most of the United States, and it is
