CRAFTS. 533 CBAIG. interesting achievements in physics and in phys- ical chemistry. He invented a new lij'drogen thermometer; measured the densities of iodine at very high temperatures; demonstrated an in- teresting regularity in the variation of the boil- ing-points of chemically allied substances with the external pressure: prepared a number of new compounds of the element silicon, which are interesting because of their chemical resem- blance to the corresponding compounds of car- bon; and also prepared new compounds of arsenic. But his most important achievement was the discovery, jointly with Friedel, of one of the most fruitful sTithetic methods in organic chem- istry. According to an estimate published sev- eral years ago by Emil Fischer, the story of the results obtained by the method, or 'reaction/ of Friedel and Crafts is one of the most wonderful in the whole range of the science of chemistry. Hundreds of new carbon compounds have been brought into existence by this method, which is based on the action of the chloride of aluminum; and a host of compounds that had already been prepared by other methods of much greater complexity were produced by this method with- out any difficulty whatever. In recognition of Crafts's services to science, the French Government made him a chevalier of the Legion of Honor (1SS5), and the British Association for the Advancement of Science made him one of its corresponding members. In 1891 he again returned to this country, and from 1892 to 1897 acted as professor of organic chem- istry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy. In 1898 he became the president of the institute, and in the same year Harvard Uni- versity conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. In 1900, however, he resigned the presidency of the Institute of Technology, and again turned to the investigation of prob- lems in organic and physical chemistry. The numerous results of Dr. Crafts's researches were published in various scientifie periodicals, main- ly foreign. He also wrote a text-book of Quali- tative Analysis (1869, and several later edi- tions) . CRAFTS, Wii.Bt.Ti FiSK ( 1850—) . An Ameri- can clergyman. He was bom in Fryeburg, Maine; was educated at A"esleyan University and at the Boston University School of Theol- ogy; held various positions in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in 1880 became a Con- gregational minister. From 1883 to 1888, how- ever, he was the pastor of the First LTnion Pres- byterian Church of Xew York. He conducted an International Siuiday-School Parliament at the Thousand Islands in 1876-77, and is the author of a number of books designed primarily for the Sunday-school. He has also written: Must the Old Testament Go? (1883); ISuceessful Men of To-dni/ (1883); and The Sabbath for Man (1885), a strong presentation of the claim of the Lord's Day. He resigned his pastorate in 1888, to become secretary of the American Sab- hath Union, and later became superintendent of the International Beform Bureau, organized to obtain legislation for moral purposes in the United States and Canada. CRAFTSMAN, The. A powerful journal organized in 1726 by Bolingbroke and Pulteney. with Nicholas Amhurst. who conducted it under the name of 'Caleb D'Anvers of Gray's Inn.' It was the organ of the Opposition against Sir Rob- ert Walpole. CRAG - MARTIN, or Rock - Swallow. A swallow (t'liiivolu ruiiestris) , closely allied to tlie bank-swallow (i|.v.), which is found from Portugal eastward to China in the breeding sea- son, migrating to the tropics for the winter. It frequents mountains and rocUy river - banks among hills, but does not ascend to Aljjine re- gions. It builds in niches of the rocks a large, open-to))pcd nest of mud, occasionally (as in the villages of the Pyrenees) placing this on the timbers of buildings or among ruins, and lays profusely speckled eggs. "The general color of the adult bird is a light ashy brown above, tlie lower parts being cream}' buff, and the tail- feathers are dark brown, the central and outer pairs being conspicuously spotted with white." Consult Sharpe and Wyatt, Monograph of the Eiiundinidce (London, 1885-94). CRAIG, krag. Sir .T.mes Hexry ( 1748-1812). An English soldier, born in Gibraltar. In 1763 he was gazetted an ensign, and in 1771 was ap- pointed captain in the Forty-seventh Foot. He accompanied his regiment to America, fought and was wounded at Bunker Hill, in 1776 was transferred to Canada, and in 1777 was present at the capttift of Fort Ticonderoga. During the earlier part of General Burgoyne's advance upon Saratoga he so distinguished himself as to be intrusted by that commander with dispatches to England. He was promoted to be major in the ]5ighty-second, proceeded to Xova Scotia, and in 1781 served under Lord Cornwallis in North Carolina. In 1795, having then risen to the rank of major-general, he was placed in com- mand of the expedition against the Dutch col- on}- at the Cape of Good Hope. Aided by Rear- Admiral Elphinstone and Major-General Clarke, he obtained the surrender of the colony on Sep- tember 14. He w-ent in 1797 to India; and in 1805, as a local general in the Mediterranean, landed with 7000 troops at Castellamare, with orders to cooperate with the Russian forces under General Lacy in an attack upon the French army. After Austerlitz he prudently withdrew to Sicily. In 1807 he was appointed Governor-General of Canada, a post rendered difficult by reason of the French-Canadian hatred of British dominion. After a somewhat vexed administration he resigned in 1811, and was in 1812 promoted to be general. CRAIG, Jonx (1512-1600). A preacher of the Scottish Reformation. He was born in Aber- deenshire, and educated at Saint Andrews. He entered the Dominican Order, but soon fell under the suspicion of heresy, and was cast into prison. On his release (1536) he trav- eled on the Continent, and after some time was, through Cardinal Pole's influence, made novice- master in the Dominican convent at Bologna, and later was rector. While here Calvin's Institutes fell in his way, and converted him to Protestant doctrines. He was brought before the Inquisi- tion and sentenced to be burnt — a fate from which he was saved by the mob, on the death of Poj)c Paul IV., breaking open the prisons of Rome. Craig escaped to Vienna, and obtained favor at the Court of Maximilian II.: but the Pope de- manded his surrender as one condemned for heresy. The Emperor, however, instead of com- plying with the request, gave Craig a safe con-
