CBAMEB. 53G CRANACH. CRA'MER, John Antony (17931848). An Knyli>li pliiUilu^'isl, 'oorii at MitlOdi, Switzerland, of Cleniiaii paieutagc, and educated at Christ C'liurrh, Oxford. He was professor of modem liistorv at Oxford from 1842 until his death, and during the last four years of his life was also Dean of Carlisle. The following are a few of his prineipal works: Dissertation on the Passage of Hannibal Oio- the Alps (in collabo- ration with H. L. Wickham; 2d ed., 1828); Anecdota Grtrca e Codicibiis Manuscriptis Biblio- tneearum Oxoniensiuni Descripta (4 vols., 1835- 37) ; Catence Grwcorum Patrum in ^^ovum Testa- mcntiim (S vols., 1838-41). CRAMER, kril'mer, Karl Edttaed ( 1831-1901 ) . A Swiss liotanist. born in Zurich. He studied there and in Freiburg, taught for several years at the technological institute of Zurich, and in ISGl was appointed professor of botany at the Poly- technilaim. In 1882 he was made director of the botanic garden in Zurich. His published works include tlie following: Pflanzenplii/sio- lorjische Untersuchuiiijen, jointly with Nageli (1855-.5S); Untcrsuehunrien iiber die Ceramia- ceen (186.3); Bildunfisabweichutigen bei einigen tcichtigeren Pflamenfamilien (1864). He was ilso the author of a number of important mono- graphs on botanical subjects, published in scien- tific periodicals. CRAMP (OHG. chrampfa, Ger. Krampe, cramp, from OHG. krampf, cur'ed, Icel. Irappr, narrow; connected also with AS., OS. a-iiinb, OHG. krump, Ger. knimm, crooked). An irregu- lar, involuntar.y, and generally painful contrac- tion of a voluntary muscle, without insensibility or other disturbance of the general system. Cramp is often the effect of cold, and has proved fatal to swinnners by attacking them suddenly when in the water. It is readily removed by warmth and friction, when due to a strained position, to cold, or prolonged contraction of a group of nniscles, as in lilting a weight above t'le head. A swinmier attacked with cramp in the legs should turn on his back and, while floating, grasp and knead the affected muscles violently. Cramps are a distressing symptom in cholera (q.v.). They occur in colic (q.v.), in tetanus (q.v.), and in some cases of poisoning. Writers' cramp is an 'occupation neurosis' (q.v.) con- sisting of a spasmodic closure of the hand on attempting to write, which turns the pen over and prevents its moving. Telegraphers, brake- men on railroads, ballet-dancers, cigar-makers, and many others suffer from a cramp in the group of muscles which they use constantly in their occupations. CRAMP, Charles Henry (1828—). An American ship-builder, born in Philadelphia. He became a partner in, and later president of, the Cramp Ship-building Company. In the latter capacity he assisted in the reconstruction of the United States Xavy, and the reestablishment of the United States merchant marine. The sunken battle -ship Maine, which w.as destroyed in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, was built at the Cramp yards, in whose thirty-one acres of ground nearly 6000 workmen are employed. CRAMPEL, krUN'pel', Paul (1863-91). A French traveler in .frica. He first went to the French Congo in 1886 as secretary to Savorgnan de Brazza. and in 1888-89 conducted most suc- cessfully an expedition from the Ogowe River into the Fan country north and back to Corisco Bay. In the following vear he was commissioned by the Comite de I'Afrique Frangaise to penetrate to Lake Chad, and started from Stanley Pool with a small force of 30 Senegalese soldiers and 250 carriers, and accompanied by three Euro- peans. Having marched under great difficulties fiom Bangui on the Ubangi Eiver nortluvard to El Kuti, he was abandoned bj' his carriers, and while trj'ing to force their way farther north, he and his remaining companions were siirprised and massacred by the Seniissi JNIoslems. Only one European escaped to bring the news to the Congo (.Tuly. 1891). CRAMPFISH (so called from the temporary paralysis caused by its shock). The electric ray. vSee Torpedo. CRAMP'TON, Charles Albert (1858—). .
.merican chemist, born at Davenport, Iowa.
He received his education at the University of Michigan, became assistant chemist in the United States Department of Agriculture in 1883, and, seven years later, was made chief chemist to the Internal Revenue Bureau. He carried out a number of interesting investiga- tions in agricultural cheraistrj- and published luimerous memoirs and reports on special topics of the chemistry of food and agricultural products. CRAMPTON, Thomas Ru.ssell (1816-88). An English railway engineer. He was bom in Kent and was educated by private tutors. En- tering the engineering profession, he early turned his attention to locomotive and railway building. In 1843 he designed and patented the locomotive that is still known by his name, and which won him the cross of the French Legion of Honor from Xapoleon III. in 1855. His best-known work was the successful laying of the telegraphic cable from Dover to Calais in 1851. He also con- structed the Smyrna Railway, the Varna Pail- road in Bulgaria, various lines in England, and the Berlin Water-Works. CRAWACH, kni'nao, Lucas (1472-1553). A German painter. liorn in Upper Franconia. There is nnich dispute in regard to his family name, but it has been conclusively shown by Selui- chardt. on Cranaeh's own testimony, that it was iluller. Cranach was a pupil of his father, and in 1504 became Court painter to Frederick the Wise. Elector of Saxony, at Wittenberg, by whom he was held in high repute. His office included the duties of master of ceremonies at Court, and besides this he found time for different business ventures at Wittenberg. In 1519 he was elected chairman of the town council: he became burgo- master in 1537, and again in 1540. Cranach was in equal favor with the two following Elec- tors of Saxony, and for two years remained with John Frederick dviring his imprisonment. He died at Weimai', October 16, 1553. Cranach has been called the painter of the Reformation, because of his active part in spi'ead- ing its doctrines. This be did by means of paintings and woodcuts ridiculing the Pope and explaining the teachings of the Reformers, and by his numerous portraits of Luther and Me- lanchthon. who were both his personal friends. Because of this activity and also on account of his great productiveness, he became the control- ling infiuence in the art of middle and northern Germany, and founded what may be called the
