CLODIUS PTJLCHER. 48 CLOISTER. The contest was ended in an unexpected manner, January 20, B.C. 52. jSlilo set out on a journey to Lanuviura. On the way he met Clodius, who was on his road to Rome. Both were accom- panied by armed followers, but passed each other without disturbance. However, some of the men in the rear-guard of each party began to quarrel; a tight followed, and Clodius was killed. See JMii.o; and consult Cicero's oration, Fro Milone, which, however, is polemical and exaggerated. CLODPATE, .Justice. A country justice in Shadwell's comedy Epvoiii ^Vells. C L D T - JURGENSBURG, klot-y ur'gens- boorK, Peter Karlovitcii, Baron (1805-67). A Russian sculptor, born at Reval. He studied at the ai'tillery school of Saint Petersburg, and was for a short time in the army. He had his art training at the Academy of Saint Petersburg, wlierc he was ajipointed a professor, and became particularly skillful in his depiction of horses, es- pecially as seen in vigorous action. The horses executed for the quadriga group on the triumphal arch erected at Saint Petersburg in 1838 are ex- cellent specimens of this feature of his work. The four colossal groups of "Horse-Tamers," in bronze, on the Anitchkov Bridge, Saint Petersburg, are also by him. Replicas of two of these are in the grounds of the Scliloss in Berlin. CLCELIA, kle'li-a. A maiden given by the Romans as a hostage to King Porsenna. She es- caped from the Ktrurian camp with some compan- ions, swam the Tiber, and returned to Rome. The Romans, how-eer, bent upon keeping good faith, sent the fugitives back to Porsenna, who, in ad- miration of this generous action, freed Cloelia and her fellow-hostages, and allowed her to take with her some of the Etrurian youths. A statue was erected in her honor on the Via Sacra. CLCELIA GENS. A patrician clan of Rome, tracing its name to Clolius, one of the com- panions of /Eneas, It was supposed to have been originally a noble Alban house. The name is also spelled Cluilia, and, in its ancient fonn, Cloulia. CLOG ALMANAC, A form of rude calen- dar, said to be of Danish origin, and consisting of a square stick notched for months and days, and showing the saints' days, moon's phases, and other features of the almanac. Specimens are to be seen in the British Jluseum and other col- lections. CLOISONNE, klwa'zo'na'. See Enamel. CLOISTER (from OF. cloistre, Ft. clottre, from ML. clattstrum, inclosure, from claiidere, to close). Strictly, the entire space inclosed by the main encircling wall of a religious estab- lishment (Germ. Kloster. monastery), including church, dormitories, and all other buildings. Thus, all the buildings for the body of canons attached to a cathedral were included in the term 'cloister.' A 'cloistered monk' is one living within monastic precincts. But common usage has recently limited the term to those rectangu- lar courts, in the centre of the main group of monastic or canonical buildings, which are sur- rounded on all sides by a covered arcade. These cloisters are the centre of monastic life; from their arcades the refectory, chapter-house, dor- mitories, and church are reached. In their cen- tral open space or parth are the well and garden. Cathedrals had their cloisters — visually attached to the north side of the church, the south side being reserved for the episcopal palace. But in monasteries the main cloister was in the south ilank. JIany large moiuistcries had more than one cloister; one for the lay brothers, open to all (sometimes in front of the church) ; one for the monks; a third, smaller, for the abbot. In such great early Benedictine monasteries as Saint Gall there was a cloister for the artisans. The earliest examples of rudimentaiy cloisters are in the monasteries of the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries, in Syria; the earliest in the West have disappeared, none being earlier than the eleventh century. From that time until the fifteenth century Romanesque and Gothic cloisters abound everywhere. 'itli the advent of the Renaissance and the decay of the orders in the fifteenth and si.xteenth centuries, cloisters are rarer, except in Italy. The general type of cloister is a colonnade resting on a high jjarapet, usually with a single opening in the middle of each side of the quadrangle leading into the central garden. In earlier cloisters the columns are single, heavy, and short, and the galleries are more ordinarily covered with a wooden roof than vaulted. Above these galleries rises a second story, either a .second gallery or a solid construction (dormi- tory) : in consequence of reconstructions, this upper story is very seldom preserved. During the twelfth century the single columns gave way to coupled shafts, slenderer and higher than those of the preceding style. Sometimes, espe- cially in the North, piers supplemented or re- placed columns. The cloister followed the changes of style of other buildings. The finest Romanesque cloisters are in southern France and Ital_y; Germany and England enter the field particularly during the Gothic period; Italy, with few exceptions, furnishes the only fine Renaissance examples. Saint Trophine in Aries is a rich, and Le Puy in Velay is a plain, example of French Romanesque cloisters, while those of Thoronet and Silvacane show the French Cistercian severity, and those of Fontfroide and Laon show transition to Gothic. In Italy at the same time there was far greater variety and richness. The northern examples at Verona ( cathedral ) , Pomposa, and Bologna ( San Ste- fano) are simple; but farther south the twelfth century developed richer types, as in the Orien- tal examples at Salerno, Ravello. and Amalfi, and the gem at Monreale (Palermo), with varied columns and mosaic decoration. These were soon to be followed by exquisite examples of the Roman school (Fossanova. Saint Paul, and the Lateran. Rome). In fact, Rome possesses an unrivaled series, from the heavy cloister of the Tre Fontane and San Iiorenzo to the delicate cloister of Saint Paul, through all intermediate stages. Gothic cloisters were beautiful every- where, but the finest specimens are those of the north of Europe, especially France. The arcades are surmounted by rich tracery, by which the galleries, now usually covered with lofty groin vaulting, are well lighted. In cooler climates the tracery, sometimes the entire gallery, was glazed. The cloisters of Noyon, Semur, Sois- sons — the last-named exquisitely rich — of Mont- Saint-Michel (with its novel tripod arrange- ment of shafts), of Rouen, with a beautiful second story, express the ideas of the Golden Age of the thirteenth century in France: while those of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are
