CBITICISM. 590 CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE. tial oneness of human nature, whether in the dnvs of Athens, of Rome, of London, or of New Vo'rk. Criticism thus understood is freed from the charges to vhicli certain critics have exposed it. It is not, on the side of form, a narrowing method of ])etty rules, but a rational study of litting construction and adequate expression: on the side of content, its most lasting dicta are opposed to tlie contention of those who, like Ruskiii, would make art a handmaiden of moral- ity. It does not restrict genius, because genius precedes it, and genius connotes the sense of form and beauty, and can but be aided by ref- erence to the simple laws of formal beauty. As the art of judgment concerning the fairest flowering of the human spirit, criticism has one of the highest of judicial functions; as the art of interpretation, admitting individual intuition and inspiring teaching, it has a creative function of wide and lofty worth. Consult: Aristotle, Poetics; Horace, Ars Poetica ; Kames, Elements of Criticism, latest ed. (London, 1805) ; Gayley and Scott, Introduction to the ilethods and Ma- terials of Literary Criticism (Boston, 1899) ; Saintslmry. History of Criticism (London, 1900 et seq.) : Courthope, Life in Poetry, Law in Taste (London, 1901) ; Woodberry, A Xew Defence of Poetry ( New York, 1 900 ) . CRITIQUE DE L'ECOLE DES FEMMES, kre'tek' de la'kol' da fam ( Fr., criticism of the school for wives). An anuising comedy by Mo- li$re, produced June 1, 16G3, written in defense of his earlier corned}', L'ecole des femmes, which had been attacked by Le Vise, editor of Le Mer- ciire galant, in the third scries of his Noui^elles nouvelles. It consists of a discussion of the merits of the former piece, chiefly carried on between a hypercritical marquis and an amiable chevalier. CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON (Ger. Kri- tik der reinen Yernunft) . A great philosophical work by Immanuel Kant (1781), the basis of modem German philosophy. CRI'TO (Lat., from Gk. Kpiraf, KritOn) . A ■wealthy friend and disciple of Socrates. He ar- ranged for his master's escape from prison, but Socrates refused to take advantage of the plan. The philosophic dialogues which he is said to have written are now wholly lost. Plato's dia- logue representing the last conversation between Socrates and Crito bears the latter's name. CRIT'OLA'US (Lat., from Gk. Kpirdlaog, Kritolaos) . A Greek philosopher, born at Pha- selis, in Lycia, in the second century n.c. He succeeded Ariston of Ceos as the head of the Peri- patetic School at Athens and acquired a high reputation as a philosopher and orator. About 155 B.C. he went to Rome, and. with Carneades and Diogenes, obtained a remission of the fine of 500 talents which the Romans had imposed upon Athens for the destruction of Oropus. CRIT'TENDEN, Georok Bibb (1812-80). An American soldier, the son of J. J. Crittenden (q.v.). He was born at Russellville, Ky., gradu- a,ted at the United States Military Academy in 1832, served with distinction in the Mexican War and was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel ( 1856) . He resigned and joined the Confederate Array in 1861. was appointed major-general, and was placed in command of southeastern Kentucky and a part of Tennessee. For his defeat at Mill Spring (lS(i2), however, he was censured. He subsequently served as a volunteer, and from 1867 to 1871 was State Librarian of Kentucky. CRITTENDEN, John Joed.k (1787-1803). An American statesman, born near Versailles, Kj'. He .graduated at William and Mary College in 1807; scned in the War of 1812; and was a United States Senator from 1817 to 1819; United States District Attorney from 1827 to 1829, and a United States Senator again from 1835 to 1841. In 1841 he was appointed Attor- ney-General by President Harrison, but resigned when Tyler became President, and was again in the Senate from 1842 to 1848, after which he was Governor of Kentucky from 1848 to 1850. He was again Attorney-General under President Fillmore, and in 1855 was a fourth time sent to the Senate. Although a Southerner, Crittenden consi.stently devoted his energy and eloquence to the preservation of the Union, and he exerted every effort, first, to avert the impending Civil War, and later to assist the Administration in its prosecution. In the Senate ( 1860-81 ) he urged unsuccessfully his famous compromise. (See Ckitte»{den Co:[p1!OMISE.) Retiring from the Senate in 1861, he served one term in the House, and in that body also strove for the su- premacy of the Constitution. Consult The Life of John J. Crittenden, by his daughter, Mrs. Chapman Coleman (Philadelphia, 1871). CRITTENDEN, Thomas Leonidas (1815- 93). An American soldier, the son of John Jor- dan Crittenden, born in Russellville, Ky. He was a private in the Kentucky Volunteers in 1836, studied law, and in 1842 became commonwealth's attorney. During the jMexican War he served as lieutenant-colonel under both General Taylor and General Scott, and when the former became Presi- dent, was appointed United States consul at Liverpool. He entered the Federal Army at the lieginning of the Civil War, became a l:>rigadier- general of volunteers in October, 1861. and for gallantry at Shiloh, where he commanded a di- vision, was raised to the rank of major-general (■July 17, 1862). He afterwards commanded a division under General Buell, and took a promi- nent part in the battles of Murfreesboro and Chickamauga, but resigned from the service in December, 1864. He entered the regular army as colonel of the Thirty-second Infantry in 1866, was brevetted brigadier-general in 1867 for gal- lantry at Murfreesboro, and served on the frontier until his retirement in 1881. CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE. In Ameri- can history, a measure proposed in Congress in 1860 by Senator .J. J. Crittenden (q.v.) as a means of preventing the secession of the Southern States, through the adoption of certain constitu- tional amendments. These amendments were five in number, and provided; (1) That the right to jiroperty in slaves was to be recognized and that slavery was to be permitted and protected in all the common territory soiith of 36° 30', and pro- hibited north of that line, while the land remained in its territorial status; (2) that Congress was not to have power to abolish slavery in the places under its exclusive jurisdiction which lay within a State where slavery existed; '(3) that Congress was to have no power to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia so long as it existed in either Maryland or Virginia, and then only after the o^^^lers of the slaves had been corapen-
