CROSBY. 607 CROSS. hi* aliiia mater. Hi' wa^ iiistrumoiital in iiijraniz- iii^'. and for several years was president of. tlic Society for the Prevention of Crime, and in lliis eapaeity was ])rominent in liis activity a<;ainst tlio illegal liijimr traltic. He was a member of the Amerieau (oniniittee which re- vised the New Testament. Besides a great many sermons and addresses, he published: The Liinds of the Moslnii (1851) : oles on the Scto Testa- tiieiit (1803) ; Social Hints for Young Christians (186G); Josiis, His Life and Works (1870): Thoughts on the Pentateuch (1873) ; and an edi- tion of tile (Kdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles. CROSBY, .Tonx Stiiivi.ER (18:i!)— ). An American soldier. He was born in Albany, N. v.: was educated at Xew York University; ■was appointed second lieutenant of the Fifth Artillery in 18(il : served throughout the Civil War, and, after being three times brevctted, acted for a time as adjutant-general on the staff of General Canby. Subsequently he served as aide, with rank of lieutenant-colonel, under Sheri- dan and Custer against the Indians, but resigned from the army in 1871. He was United States Consul at Florence. Italy, from 1876 to 1882, was Governor of ilontana Territory from 1882 to 1884, and from 188-1 to 1880. when he resigned, was First Assistant Postmaster-General. CROSBY, Peikce (1824-99). An American naval otticcr. He was born near Chester, Pa., entered the navy in 1838, and in 1861 served in Chesapeake Bay. He particijjated in the capture of New Orleans and the bombardment of Vicks- turg. and in 1863-04 was employed chiefly in jf blockade duty. In 1804 he was placed in command of the Meta- comct. and participated in the at- tack on ilobile. He wa.s promoted to be captain in 1868, commanded the South Atlantic squadron, wa.s made rear-admiral in 1882, and in 188.) was retired. CROSBY HALL. A media-val Gothic dwelling-house in London on Bishopsgate Street, built in 1466 by Sir John Crosby. It is the scene of a part of Shakespeare's Richard Til. Richard of Glouces- ter lived here for a time, and Sir Thomas ilore. who purcliased the house, wrote liis I'loiiia in it. Some of the original chambers still remain. The hall, after having been used for a variety of pur- poses, is now an eating-house. CROSIER (ME. croser, crocer, from cros, crosse, croce, cross, from Latin crux, cress). The pastoral staff of a bishop. Throughout an- tiquity a hooked or curved staff had l)een an emblem of civil and particularly of religious authority. Hittitc, Babylonian, and other Oriental priests carried it: so did the Tioman augurs. It was adopted by early Christian bishops as a symbol of authority. It took two forms: that of the tau with a short transverse top-piece, giving the shape of a snuill crux commissa. in which the cross appears as a sym- bol of the authority by which the bisliop ruled; and that of the curved end or volute, imitating the slicpherd's crook, emblem of the ollice of the bislioj) to kee]) the Lord's slieeiJ. The tau form seems the earlier, judging from extant moiuiments, for no records of llie crook form exist as early as the Carlovingian period. The tau often ends in the head of a lion, emblem of episcopal power; the crook often impales a serpent or a dragon, symbol of the trium])h over evil, .-bbots were often privileged to carry the crosier, as a symbol of their pas- toral otlice, as early as the fifth century, and long before the other episcopal insignia of mitre and cross were allowed to them. Some of theni still retain the pannisclluni (a small silk veil luinging to the staff), which has long disappean'd from tlios<' of bishops. Consult: Barraud and ^lartin, Le baton pastoral (Paris, 1850); Lind, Ueber den h'rummstab (Vienna, 1803). See COSrr.ME, KcclKSIASTItWL. CROS'MAN, He.nrietta (1870—). .iiAmeri- can actress, born at Wheeling, W. Va., Sejitember 2, 1870. She made her debut in 1880 in The lii(e i^lavc, and later was successively under the management of Daly and the Frohmans. In 1897 she was married to Maurice Campbell. In the following year she became a star. Her great- est successes have been her jiroduction of George C. Hazleton's Mistress Nell, October 9, 1900. in Xew York, where it ran for over one hundred performances, and her Rosalind in As You Like It t February 27, 1902). which ran for eight weeks at the Theatre Repulilic, Xew York. In the autumn of 1002 she opened her season with The Hn:ord of the King, CROSS (AS. crilc, OHG. cruci, chriici, chruze, Ger. Kreuz, Prov. cros, crotz, OF. crois, croix, croiz, cruiz, Fr. d'oix, It. croce, cross, from Lat. crux, cross ) . The cross was a common instru- menti of capital punishment among the ancients; and the death on the cross was deemed so dis- honorable that only slaves and malefactors of the lowest class were subjected to it by the Romans. It was customary to proclaim the name and offense of the person crucified, or to affix to the cross a tablet {allium) on which name and offense were inscribed. Malefactors were sometimes fastened on a simple upright stake, and so left to die. or they were imiialed upon it, and to this upright stake the I.atin name crux was originally ;ind more strictly ap- ])lieable; but very generally a cross-piece {pati- hulum) was added to the stake, to which the arms of the criminal were tied, or to which his hands were nailed. The person crucified often lived for days. When the cross-piece was fastened at right angles below the summit of the upright stake, the cross was called crux inniiixsa (the T-atin cross) ; the Greek cross, where the cross-piece was set so low as to form four eqiial or nearly equal arms, is a variant of this form: when the cross-piece was fastened at right angles across the top of the upright stake, the cross was crux commissa (also called cross of Saint Anthony) ; and when it was fornie<i of two beams crossing one another obliquely, it was crux decussata (also called cross of Saint An- drew). The cross was erected outside the gates of towns, but in places of frequent resort. It apjiears that the cross was in use as an emblem, having certain reliL'ious and mystic n:eaning- attaelicd to it, long before the Chris-
