CRUSADE. 628 CRUSTACEA. ye.ar is generally considered to mark the end of the Crusades. In addition to the seven principal Crusades, there were couutless other expeditious. In some of these large armies took part, as in the Cru- sade of 1101, of which mention has been made; the German Crusade of 1197; the Children's Cru- sade (q.v. ) in 1212; and the Crusade of .John of Brienne and Andrew II. of Hungary in 1217-21, which acliieved the conquest of Damietta, in Egypt, in 1219. The last is often called the Fifth Crusade, and in fact the first four Crusades are the only ones to which the same numbers are assigned by unanimous consent. In addition, almost every year, from 1100 to 1270, small bands of Crusaders went to the Holy Land, and after 1270 many attempts were made to recon- (pier Jerusalem. There were also Crusades in the West against the iloors in Spain, and against the heathen Prussians. ( See article Teutonic Kmght«.) Besides these Crusades against pagans, many Crusades were preached against the Albigenses (q.v.), the Hohenstaufen ( q.v. ) , and other opponents of the popes, the name being used for all kinds of expeditions in which the Cliurch was interested. The Results of the Crusades. The Crusades were of ver.y great importance in the history of Europe in that they accelerated many movements which without them would probably have ad- vanced much more gradually. They contributed to the growth of the great Italian seaports, by establishing closer commercial communications between Europe and the East; they enriched the' Church and increased its powers, and they helped to develop the strength of the French monarchy in killing oti' large nvimbers of the turbulent no- bility, and removing others to a more grateful field of activity in Asia and Africa. For Europe at large the most important results were these: ( 1 ) They checked the advance of the Moham- medans for a considerable period of time ; for, by carrying the war into the enemy's country, they prevented his advance into Europe. It is true that too much stress may be laid on this fact, for the Crusades undoubtedly weakened the Byzantine Empire and made it an easier prey for the Turks in the fifteenth century; but in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the Crusading States in the East served as outposts to guard against the invasion of Europe. ( 2 ) The Cru- sades enriched Europe greatly by promoting the grovth of commerce. In order to transfer the Crusading armies and to supply their various needs, great fleets had to be built. These brought back to the West the products of the Orient. In Asia and Africa, the Crusaders acquired new tastes and desires, which had to be gratified by a more extensive commerce — witness the remark- able growth in the use of sugars and spices in the twelfth century. Money, which previously had been hoarded, was put into circulation, to equip the crusading hosts. All of these causes led to a remarkable growth in wealth and pros- perity, which benefited especially the inhabi- tants of the cities in western Europe. This is legarded by many as the most important result of the Crusades. (.3) The Crusades caused a broadening of the intellectual horizon and origi- nated a tendency toward skepticism. "On its Oriental Shi(tie>ireisen, young Europe studied industriously and with great results." The con- stant contact for two centuries with the more advanced Byzantine and Aiabie culture taught the Crusaders many lessons in civilization. The admiration which they learned to feel for heretics and Mohammedans dispelled many of their prejudices. Some Crusaders became Moham- medans, others became free-thinkers. There was a rapid spread of heresies. "The roots of the Renaissance are to be found in the civilization of the Crusades." There have been three periods of great advance in the hi^tory of Europe: the Crusades, the Refonnation, and the French Revolution; and of these three the Crusades were not the least imjiortant and influential. BiBLiOGR.vpuy. The literature of the Crusades is very extensive, and only a few of the principal titles can be given. The most important collec- tion of sources is the Hecneil des historiens cles croisades, of which fourteen folio volumes have been published (Paris. 1841. et seq. ). Consult also: Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos (Hanover, 1611), and the publications of the Hocicte de VOrient (Paris, 1878-84). Of general histories the best are: Wilken, Gescliichte der Kreuzxiige (7 vols., Leipzig, 1807-.32I; Michaud, L'histoire des croisades (Paris, 1825-29, many editions), and also an English translation by Robson. His- iory of the Crusades (Loudon. 1881); Kugler, Geschichtc der Kreuzziige (Berlin, 1891) ; Arch- er and Kingsford, The Crusades (Xew York. 189.5) : Prutz, Kidtiirgeschiehte der Kreuzziipe (Berlin, 1883) ; von Sybel. Geschichte des ersten Krei'.zzuges (Leipzig. 1900) ; Rohrieht. Ge- scliichte des Eonigreichs Jerusalem (Berlin, 1898). See Antioch, Prixcip.a,i,ity of: Dan- uoLO ; L.TiN Kingdom of Jerusalem. CRUSADE, CiHLDRE.x's. See Children's Cru- sade. CRUSCA, krtio'ska. Accademia Della. See Academy. CRUSENSTOLPE, kroo'zen-stcd'pc, Magnus .Takob (1795-181)5). A Swedish publicist and author, born in Jonkoping. He became editor of fitallningar och forhallaiideii in 1838, and for publishing therein certain expressions against the Government Aas imprisoned from 1838 to 1841. He is best known for his his- torical fiction, such as ilorifinen (The Moor, 1840-44) and Carl Johan och Sceiiskarne (Carl Johan and the Swedes, 1845-46). CRUSHING MACHINERY. See Grinding and Crushing Machinery. CRU3IUS, kroo'ze-oos. Otto (1857—). A German classical philologist, professor in the University of Heidelberg. He was born at Han- over. December 20, 1857. He is the author of Zur griechischeu Ueligionsgeschichte (1886) and Vn- tersuchungen zn den .ilimiumhen des Herondas (1892). etc.; and the editor of Philologus: Her- otidas (1901) ; Fnbehi des Bahriiis (1897) ; Crrie- chischc Lgrih-er (1897 et seq.). etc. CRUSOE, kroo'so. Robinson. See Robinson Crusoe. CRUSTACEA (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. crustd. crust ) . A class of gill-bearing aquatic arthropods, differing from other Branchiata in having five pairs of appendages on the head, the first two of which are antennte, and in having all of the limbs except the first pair of antennoe biramose. Structure. The Crustacea derive their name from the hard armor which in most of them
