CSAKDAS. 639 CTENACODON. more and more complex, so that the whole piece has a wikl, tiiimiltuous, and ahrupl character. In both parts of the csiirdfis the accent comes on the weak heat. The alternalion from the lassn to the frisf! is made according to the will of the dancer, who motions to tiie players whenever he wants the change made. The figures of the csar- das varj' greatly in difl'ercnt districts. The usual form opens with a stately promenade, which changes into a rapid whirling motion : the dancers then separate and carry on a sort of pantomime, the girl sometimes approaching, then retreating from her p.artner, who follows and finally seizes her. Again they whirl wildly around, then separate and go through much the same performance. The dance may be performed by any number of couples, but as no two couples are ever dancing identically the same figures at the same time, the whole gives a varied and com- plex appearance. See ilAGTAR Music. CSENGERY, cheu'ge-ri, Anton (1822-80). An Hungarian statesman and publicist. He was born at Grosswardein and early devoted himself to journalism. After editing the Pesti Hirlap for three years he was in 1848 appointed minis- terial councilor, and followed the Hungarian Min- istry to Debreczin. In 1849 he returned to Buda- pest and devoted himself to literary pursuits. In 1857 he founded the review entitled Budapesti Szemle, which he conducted for twelve years. He was an active promoter of agricultural and trade societies, and was one of the chief founders and afterwards the director of the Hungarian Insti- tute of Land Credits. In 1861 he was elected to the Diet, where he became, as the most inti- mate friend of Deiik, a powerful leader of the Deak part.y. In addition to his excellent trans- lation of jlacaulay's History of England (latest ed. 1S74), he was the author of several impor- tant and brilliantly written works in Hungarian, among which may be mentioned: Historical Studies and Character Sketches (2 vols., 1870) ; History and Historians (1874); ilemorial Ad- dress on Francis Deal; (1877). His collected works were published in Budapest in 1884. CSIKY, che'ke, Gergely (1842-91). An Hungarian dramatist. He was born at Pankot.i (Arad), and after studying Catholic theology at Budapest and Vienna became professor at the Priests' Seminary in Temesvar. Aft^r an activ- ity here of several years, he became a convert to Protestantism in 1878. Csiky is considered one of the greatest of modern Hungarian dramatists; he was equally eflective in tragedy and comedy. He also wrote several successfiil novels and translated into Hungarian the works of Sopho- cles, Euripides, and Plautus, as well as standai'd works of French and English dramatists. Among his numerous plays, most of which have been highly successful, may be mentioned: The com- edies Joshit (The Oracle), Mukdni/i, and Kaviar: the tragedies Janus, Sparlacas, Sora, and Theodora : and the popular drama The Pro- letariois. CSOKONAI, cho'ko-no-e, Yntz Mihalt (1773-1805). An Hungarian poet, bom at De- breczin. He was appointed professor of poetry in the college at Debreczin in 1794. but rosigned the post in 1795, in order to study law. anjl, with the exception of a brief cnniicctiou with the gxinna- sium of Csurgo, he lived thenceforth in private, devoting himself wholly to literature. His acquirements, particularly in linguistics, were notaWe. In poetry he was to some extent inllu- eneed by Foldi, but remained essentially inde- jicndent. He was i)reeinincntly a lyrist, in both the narrower domain of the folk-sung and the larger realm of artistic poetry. His diction is simple and often naive. Some pronounced de- fects of taste have met with the censure of the critics, but a distinguished place among modern Hungarian ])oets has been conceded to him. A cillectivo edition of his works was published by Toldy in 1S4G. Two specimen poems rendered into German may be found in Schwicker, Geschiclite der unqarischen Litteratxir (Leipzig, 1SS9). CSOMA DE KOBbS, cho'mo de ke'resh, Si.N- DOR (1784-1842). .ii Hungarian traveler and Tibetan scholar. Ho was liorn Ajiril 4, 1784, at Koros, in Transylvania, and was educated first at the college of Nagj'-Enyed, and subsequently at Giittingen, where he devoted himself especially to the study of Oriental langimges. It was the dream of his life to discover the original home of his race, the Magyars, in Asia. In 1820 he set out on his pilgrimage for that purpose. He went first to Telieran, then to Little Bokhara, and finall.y settled for four years (1827-30) at the Buddhist monastery of Kanam on the confines of Tibet and India, where he studied Tibetan. He found to his disappointment that the Tibetan language had little bearing on the Magj'ar prob- lem, but it led him to Calcutta to studj' Sans- krit, as the literature of Tibet is largely trans- lated from the Sanskrit. At Calcutta, where he became the object of general attention on the part of British scholars, he devoted himself to cataloguing the Tibetan books, upward of 1000 volumes, in the library- of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He prepared, likewise, a Tibetan gram- mar and dictionary (1834), which is still a standard work, and he wrote a number of articles on Tibetan literature in the Asiatic Researches. Once more he set out on his old-time search to fmd the early home of the Magj'ars, and bent his way toward the western confines of (Tiina. but w'hile on this journey he died at Darjiling, north- eastern India, April 11, 1842. CSONGRAD, ehon'griid. A market-town of Hungary, in the county of the same name, situated on a point of land at the con- fiuence of the Theiss and the KiiriJs, 70 miles southeast of Budapest (Map: Hungary% G 3). The inhabitants are chiefiy engaged in the rear- ing of cattle, fishing, and the cultivation of the vine. Population, in 1890, 20,802; in 1900, 22,619. CTENACODON, te-n:'ik'6-don. One of the rare primitive fossil mammals found in the Upper -lurassic rocks of Wyoming. It is known only by its lower jaw, which has a length of about one-half inch and indicates an animal of the size of a mouse. The teeth are of the nuiltitubcr- culate type, and consist of a prominent chisel- shaped incisor, four longitudinally compressed premolars, which are distinctly cutting teeth with serrated edges and gi'ooved sides, and of which the fourth is much the largest, and two small molars with tubercles surroiniding the cen- tral cavities on their crowns. This typo of den- tition indicates relationship to the Jlonotremata (Ornitliorhynchus and Echidna), which, to- gcther with the fossil Ctenacodon and its allies.
