CTJI. 654 CULDEES. His opera I'hp Pri.ioncr of Caiicasiifi (1857-58) and the comic o])era 7'hc Mandarin's Son were performed privately, and exhibited no depart- ures from established tradition. In 1864 he became musical critic of the Saint Petersburg Gazette. He championed the theories of the Young Russian school, attacking the conserva- tive attitude of the critics, rejudging estab- lished reputations, subjecting everything to a keen and searching analysis. He received the nickname 'Musical Nihilist,' and his opera 'Wil- liam liateliff (1809), based on Heine's drama, and embodying the new theories of 'melodic recitative,' met with severe criticism. Angela (ISTG), based on Victor Hugo's drama, carried the theories even further. and met with a similar fate. In 1883 he rewrote The Prisoner of Caucasus, adding a new act, and the work had considerable success. Le Flihustier (1894), words by Eichepin, was successful at the Paris Opera Comique, and The Saracen was favorably received in 1899. His numerous songs, both to Russian and to French words, are veritable gems, vhile his pieces for solo instniments and for cliorus enjoy great vogue. He was never fond of orchestration, and is far behind his Russian colleagues in that line, but the sin- cerity and passion of his works are unique. few can equal him in delineating love in all its varied aspects. As a critic, in Russian periodicals and the French Revue et Gazette Mnsicale, Cui enjoys an enviable reputation. His La Musique en Russie (Paris, 1880) is the only sketch of Russian music written with au- thority, even though it is at times marred by the author's aesthetic views. The Russian Lied (1896) is a detailed study of all important Rus- sian song-writers, with careful reference to both music and text. Consult: Countess de Jlercy- Argenteau, Cesar Cui (Paris, 1888) ; Pougin, Essai historique sur la musique en Russie (Turin, 1897). CUIRASS, kwf-ras' or kwe'- (Fr. cuirasse, from ML. coratiurn, breastplate, from Lat. oori- aceus, leathern, from corium, leather). Originally a jerkin, or garment of leather for soldiers, so thick and strong as to be pistol-proof, and even musket-proof. The name was afterwards applied to a portion of armor made of metal, consisting of a backplate and a breastplate hooked or buckled together, with a piece joined to the back called a culet or garde de reines. For illustration, see Armob. CUIRASSIER, kwe'rfts-ser' (Fr., from cui- rasse, cuirass). In modern armies, the name given to certain soldiers of hea^'y cavalry. They are surv'ivals of the troopers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, who wore helmet and cuirass. There are four regiments of cuirassiers in the Russian Ai'my, and twelve regiments each in the German and French armies. (For illus- tration, see Plate of Aritor. ) The Russian cuirass is of iron, coated with copper, and weighs 30 pounds ; the German is of white metal with a brass plate, and the French of steel with a brass plate, their respective weights being IS^A and 16 pounds. There are no cuirassiers in the British Army, although the Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards wear dress cuirasses of steel, cost- ing £3 6s. each, which are discarded on active service. In the time of Queen Mary there were heavy horsemen known as cuirassiers, who wore bod.v armor over buff coats. They carried swords and pistols, and their reins were strengthened with iron chains. The bodyguard of Napoleon III., Les Cent-Gardes, wore aluminum cuirasses. No cuirass is bullet-proof against a direct shot. See Cavalri', where an liistorical sketch of mounted troops is given. CUISSART, kwe-sart' (OF., from cuisse, thigh, from Lat. coxa, hip). A variety of an- cient armor worn by troopers. Cuissarts con- sisted of small strips of iron plate laid horizon- tally over each other round the thigh and riveted together. CUITLAHUATZIN, kwetla-wat-sen', or CITLAHUATZIN (1470-1520). An Aztec prince, younger lirother of Montezuma II. When the latter was seized by the Spaniards, Cuitla- huatzin was also for some time in their hands, ■ but was ultimately released. As the acknowl- edged leader of the Aztecs after the capture of IMontezuma, he led the famous attacks upon the array of Cortes. He also directed the opera- tions of the Aztecs during the retreat of the Spaniards to the coast. He was afterwards elected to succeed Montezuma, but died of a pestilence after his installation, and was succeeded by Guatemotzin. CUJA'CIUS, properlv JACQUES DE CU- JAS, zhak de ku'zha'," or CUJAUS, ku'zho' (1522-90). A French jurist of the sixteenth century. After studying law, he was appointed teacher of the law at Cahors (1554), and in the following year, on the recommendation of the Cliancellor L'Hopital, gained the chair of law in the L^niversity of Bourges, after which he taught successively at Valence, again at Bour- ges, at Valence, at Paris, and at Bourges, at which last place he resided from 1577 till his death, October 4^ 1590. He was one of the most eminent jurists of his day, and his learning was founded on the most diligent study of orig- inal manuscripts of the Roman laws. His treat- ment of these authorities and of the feudal sys- tem was classical and reconstructive, free from scholastic subtleties. He had in his library 500 manuscripts on Roman law, and by his emenda- tions contributed greatly to remove the obscuri- ties of jurisprudence. A complete collection of his works was edited by Fabrot (10 vols.), at Paris (1658). and reprinted at Venice (1758- 83), and at Prato (1834-43). Ulil has edited separately Cujacius's Animadversiones et Ob- servationrs. Consult : Spangenberg, Cujacius und seine Zeitgenossen (Leipzig, 1882) ; Berriat Saint Prix. Histoirc du droit remain; Histoire de Cujas (1821). CULAMAN, koo-la'man. See JIakobo. CULASI, Ivoo-la'sj. A town of Panay, Philip- pines, in the Province of Antique, situated on the western coast, about 52 miles north of San JosS de Buenavista. Rice, cacao, fruits, and pepper are cultivated. Population, in 1898, 10,553. CUL'DEES (Olr. ceilede, servant of God, from ceile, servant -f- De, gen. sg. of Dia, God). An- chorite monks who came into Scotland from Ire- land in the eighth and ninth centuries, and es- tablished themselves in many places, but who in the thirteenth century had been absorbed by the regular Orders, particularly that of Saint Au- gustine. Their monasteries, which, on the Co-
