CURRICULUM. 675 CURTAIN. from the tlii-ec fundamental scliool arts until it now embraces from twelve to lifteen subjects in half that many spheres of intellectual interests, and in time, from three or four years to eight and nine; the secondary curriculum has under- gone no expansion in time, perhajis a diminution, owing to the encroachment of both the lower and the higher curricula, but has added so great a number of subjects that it deals in a preliminary way with almost all those included within the currieuhmi of college and university. This mul- tiplication of subjects, with no corresponding in- crease in time and with but little improvement in methods of teaching, has made the problem of the curriculum of the secondary school peculiar- ly difficult, and that part of our educational system is most in need of reform. The problem of the curriculum in each of its stages is twofold: that of content, and that of organization. This twofold problem is now and long has been the chief topic of educational dis- cussions in the United States. It cannot be said that any solution has been offered, but a state- ment of the case will be found in the article Pedagogy. (See also Elective Studies.) The matter has received extended study by American educators, and has foiiued the subject of two important reports by conmiittees appointed by the National Educational Association. The first of these, issued in 1802, is known as the Repcrt of the Committee of Ten, and relates chiefly to secondary education; the second, known as the Report of the Committee of Fifteen, relates chiefly to the elementary school and was issued in 1895. Consult, also: Reports of the National Educational Association (Washington, 1865, et seq. ); files of the Educational Review (New York, 1891, et seq.). CUR'RIE, .J.^MES (1750-1805). A Scottish physician. He was bom at Ivirkpatrick Fleming, Dumfriesshire; held a mercantile position at Cabin Point, Va., from 1771 to 1776; and gradu- ated at Glasgow University in 1780. He settled in Liverpool, where he obtained a considerable practice as a physician, and published Reports on the Effects of ll'ofcr in Fever and Febrile Diseases (1797). He is best known, perhaps, for his (the first) edition of Bums (1800; 7th ed. 1813), prefaced by a Life which was long the basis for studies of the poet. CUR'RY, .Tabez Lamar Monroe (1825-1903). An American lawyer, educator, and clergyman. He was l)orn in Lincoln County, Ga., but remo%ed to Alabama in 1838. where he was admitted to the bar in 1845. He served in the Alaliama Legislature from 1847 to 1855. and in Congress from 1857 to 1861. and then became a member of the Confederate Congress. After the war he became a Baptist minister, was president of Howard College. Ala., from 1866 to 1868. and was professor of law at Richmond College from 1868 to 1881. From 1881 to 1885 he was general agent of the Peabody Educational Fund, from 1885 to 1888 was United States Minister to Spain, and subsequently was chairman of the educational committee of the John F. Slater Fund. His publications include: Constitutional Government in f^pain : William Ewart Gladstone (1891); The ,^outhern States of the American Union (1894) ; Establishment and Disestablish- ment in the United l<fntes; and History of the Peabody Educational Fund. CURRY POWDER, and CURRY PASTE (Kauarese l.iiri, hudi, Malayalam l,tiri, I'urry). A compound condiment added to cooked dishes of meat and rice to render them piquant and appetizing. So generally is curry powder em- ployed in East Indian cookery that it has been called the 'salt of the Orient.' Substances that ccmuiionly form the liasis of these powders are turmeric, fenugreek, and sago. To these ginger, black and Cayenne jiepper, coriander, caraway, and many otiicr spices are added in varying •jnantities or omitted, according to the locality. Such curry powders as contain the pulverized leaves of Murraya Kcenigia, an East Indian tree of the natural order Rutacesp, are used not only as aromatic stomacliic sliunijants. but as reme- dies for d.yspepsia, diarrhiea, and even dysentery. The basis of nianv curry pastes is tamarind (q.v.). CURSCHMANN, knnrsh'nnin, Heinrich (1846 — ). A German physician, born at Gies- sen. He studied at the university there, became- a lecturer at the University of Berlin in 1875, and in 1876 was appointed head physician of the hospital connected with the city barracks of Berlin. In 1879 he obtained the post of director of the general hospital at Hamburg, and in 1888 was called to the chair of special pathology and therapy in the Uni- versity of Leipzig. He became recognized as a prominent authority on hospital administration, and from 1886 to 1892 was an associate editor of the Fortsehritte der Mcdizin. His publica- tions include: Entu^icklting der Krankenpflege vnd des klinischen Unterrichts (1889); Klin- isehe Ahhildnnyen (1894). CURSE OF KEHAMA, k^-hii'ma. The. A poem by Robert Southey (1810), relating to the adventures of an Indian rajah who is cursed with supernatural powers. CURSE OF SCOTLAND, The. In cards, a term applied to the nine of diamonds. Its origin is unlcnown. Among the many explanations of- fered are the following: (1) The nine of dia- monds is the 'pope' in the game of Pope Joan, and hence the symbol of Antichrist to the Re- formers. (2) It is the chief card in comette, which game ruined many families in Scotland. (3) It goes back to the nine lozenges on the Dalr'^^llple arms, the Earl of Stair having been responsible for the massacre of Glencoe. CURSIVE WRITING. See Paleographt. CUR'SOR MUN'DI (Lat., courier of the world, but intended to mean the course of the world, eursns mnndi). A ))oem dating from the beginning of the fourteenth century, professing to be a history of the world from its creation to its destruction. It was ba.sed on the para- phrase of Genesis by Ctpdmon. It is among the works printed by the Early English Text So- ciety. CURTAIN. A term used in fortification. See Ba.stio. ; Fortification. CURTAIN, The. An old theatre in London at Shoreditch, called also the Greene Curtain, mentioned in 1577 and probably established about that year. The name was probably given from its green curtain, used for the first time in this theatre. After the time of Charles I. it was turned into an arena for the prize-fight.
