CTJVIER. 698 CUYPERS. rally into three divisions; paleontology, sys- tematic zoology, and comparative anatomy. In each of these departments, he achieved remark- able success, and left a lasting impression, in spite of mistakes due largely to personal pecu- liarities derived from his Calvinistic training, such as his refusal to accept the theory of descent. His investigations in paleontology marked a great advance over the existing knowl- edge of the subject. By means of his Icnowledge of comparative anatomy, and his theory of the correlation of growth, Cuvier 'reconstructed' a largo number of e.xtinct animals, proving that every geological epoch is represented by distinct animal forms, having a similarity well defined to animals in preceding or succeeding epochs. Nevertheless, he held to the Linntean doctrine of the constancy of species, and looked upon the similarity of animal forms in successive epochs as a recunence of types rather than a steady develojiment of the same type. In comparative anatomy his work in special fields was as remark- able as it was valuable. His investigations of the comparative anatomy of fishes, and of the oste- ology of mammals, may 1ie mentioned as two of his most valuable contributions to zoology. In systematic zoology his work was of great originality and importance, for to him is due the reclassification of the animal kingdom on a natural basis, in place of the artificial and arbi- trary classification of Linnseus. Cuvier's system was based on the constancy and morphological resemblance of types, rather than on outward similarities of structure, as in the Linna>an sys- tem. It remained the standard arrangement of animals until set aside by modern investigators, who studied the relationship of animals in the light of their ontogeny and phylogeny. Cuvier's great work, Le ref/iic animal (1816). became at once the standard reference book in natural his- tory; several editions were issued, and the work was translated into English and other languages, and profoundly influenced zoological studies everywhere. Among his published works not noted above may be mentioned: Les reptiles doutetix (1807) ; Jiecherclies siir les ossements fossiles dcs qiiadru- pedes (1812) ; .1/e»ioire pour servir a I'histoire et a I'anatomie des ynolUisques (1816) ; Descrip- Hon geologicjue des environs de Paris (1822); Histnire nuturelle des poissotis (1828) ; Discours siir les rerolutions de la surface du globe et sur les changements fju'elles ont produits dans le rcgnc animal (1851). Consult: Lee, .1/c»ioi»-.s of liaron Cuvier (Xew York. 183.3; French transla- tion, Paris, 183."!) ; Flourens. Bisfoire des tra- raux de Georges Curler (Paris, 1845) ; Ducrotay de Blainville. Cucier et (leoffroi/ Saint-Hihiire (Paris, 18001. CUVILLIEB-FLETJEY, ku've'ya'fle're'. Al- fred AUGU.STE (1802-87). A French author, born in Paris. His love of letters brought him to the attention of the Due d'Orleans-and he was made by him tutor to his son. the Due d'Aumale ( 1827 ) . These duties ended, he became a political ■writer on the Journal dcs Dcbats. In 1866 .he was made a member of the Academy. Among his works are: Voyages et voyageurs (1837-54); Etudes historiques et littiraires (1854); 'Nou- velles etudes historiques et littSraires (1855); Derniires etudes historiques et litte- ■raires (1859) ; Historiens. poetes et romanciers (1863): Etudes et portraits (1865-68); Post- humes et rerenants (18781. The Due d'Aumale wrote an interesting biography of his tutor, pub- lished in Le Livre du Centenaire des Debats. CUXHA'VEN, Ger. pron. koUks'hafcn. A German seajjort and watering-place on the North Sea, at the mouth of the Elbe, about 57 miles west-northwest of Hamburg, to which it belongs (Map: Germany, C 2) . Great harbor works have been erected hci'e in recent years. Cu.xhaven is the station of the Hamliurg pilots. The coast de- fenses consist of a scries of strong detached forts. There is a handsome old castle dating from the fourteenth centur}-. Population, in I'JOO, 6',106. See IlAiiBUKG. CTJYABA, kwe'ya-bU'. An episcopal city of Brazil, the capital of the State of ilatto Grosso, situated on the Cuyaba River (ilap: Brazil, F 7). It has broad, well-paved streets and con- tains barracks, an arsenal, and a militarj' hospi- tal. The town was formerly famous for gold and diamond mines, and is now an important com- mercial centre. Cuyaba was founded in 1820 by miners, and since 1S40 has been tlie capital of the State. Population, in 1890, 17,815. CUYLEB, ki'ler. Theodoke Ledtard (1822 — ). An American Presbyterian clergvman. He was born at Auror.a, N. Y., Janiuiiy 10, 1822; graduated at Princeton in 1841 and at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1846. After holding a charge in New .lersey, he became pastor of the ^Market Street Reformed Dutch Church, New York, in 1853, and pastor of the Lafayette Ave- nue Presbyterian Church, Brookl_yn, from 1860 to 1890. In the latter year he resigned the active charge and as presented with a purse of $30,000. He then entered upon a ministry at large and preached frequently and in many places. His eightieth birthday was publicly cele- brated in BrookljTi. He has written many re- ligious works, and a large number of articles in religious newspapers. CTTYP, koip, Albeet (1620-91). A Dutch painter, born at Dort, in October. 1620. His father. Jakob Gerrits Cuyp, a portrait painter of mediocre ability, was his first master. The son painted animals, still life, and even portraits, but his best work was his landscapes. These were at first executed in the manner of Van Goyen, but later on he was much influenced by Rembrandt. He was a close student of nature, and his paintings are characterized by rich color and a skillful handling of life. Jlost of his works are preserved in England, especially in the Royal collection. Among the best of them are "Rvening," in the National Gallery. London: "Banks of a Lake," in Grosvenor House: and two famous views of the "ileuse Near Dort," one in Bridgewater Gallery and the other at Dorches- ter House. Consult Buxton, German, Flemish, and Dutch Painters (London, 1881). CUYPEES, koi'peis. Peter (1827—). A Dutch architect, born at Roermond. He studied at the Academy of Antwerp, and became a prom- inent Dutch representative of the Gothic style. The Royal Museum at Amsterdam is by him. He also restored several churches of the Middle Ages. among them the Mainz Cathedral, and built a number of important church edifices, including those of Saint -Jacob at the Hague. Saint Bar- bara at Breda. Saint Catharine at Eindhoven, the Sacred Heart at Amsterdam, and Saint Boni- face at Leeuwarden.
